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<pubDate>Fri, 12 Mar 2010 03:58:01 GMT</pubDate>
		<item>

			<category>Events</category>

			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/206</link>

			<title>IV Certification Course</title>

			<description>&lt;div class=&quot;vevent&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;url&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/206&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;summary&quot;&gt;IV Certification Course&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtstart&quot;&gt;Start Date:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;abbr class=&quot;dtstart&quot; title=&quot;20100322T140000Z&quot;&gt;22-Mar-10 9:00 AM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtend&quot;&gt;End Time:&lt;/span&gt; 
&lt;abbr class=&quot;dtend&quot; title=&quot;20100323T220000Z&quot;&gt;23-Mar-10 5:00 PM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tlocation&quot;&gt;Location:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;location&quot;&gt;
NPTA Training Institute, Houston, Tx 77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tspeaker&quot;&gt;Speaker:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;speaker&quot;&gt;NPTA Faculty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdescription&quot;&gt;Event Details:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;description&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Course Details &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;The course requirements include: &lt;br&gt; - 9 Home Study Modules &lt;br&gt; - 2 Days Hands-On Training&lt;br&gt; - 8&amp;nbsp;Process Technique Validations &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;../../../../en/cms/?1386&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Complete Learning Objectives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;How the Course Works &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;Participants must complete nine separate modules of home-based learning, comprised of a reading assignment and comprehensive exam.&amp;nbsp;A score of 70% or higher is required&amp;nbsp;for each exam. &amp;nbsp;After completing the home-based study modules, participants attend and complete NPTA&amp;#8217;s&amp;nbsp;two-day&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sterile Product&amp;nbsp;Training Institute&lt;/em&gt;, located at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;../../../../en/cms/?1393&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute&lt;/a&gt; in Houston, Texas.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Home Study Modules&lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;- Introduction to Sterile Products&lt;br&gt; - Facilities, Garb &amp;amp; Equipment&lt;br&gt; - Aseptic Calculations&lt;br&gt; - Properties of Sterile Products&lt;br&gt; - Aseptic Technique&lt;br&gt; - Sterile Product Preparations&lt;br&gt; - Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)&lt;br&gt; - Chemotherapy&lt;br&gt; - Quality Control and Assurance&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Training &amp;amp; Technique Validations&lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;- Aseptic Hand Washing&lt;br&gt; - Horizontal Laminar Airflow Hood Care&lt;br&gt; - Vertical Laminar Airflow Hood Care&lt;br&gt; - Vial Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Ampule Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Hazardous Vial Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Hazardous Ampule Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - TPN Compounding&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tuition Fee &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;$598 Members &lt;br&gt; $698 Non-Members&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Please note: This course is non-refundable and non-transferable.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Rescheduling is subject to a $250 change fee and is based on availability.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;What's Included &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;Tuition includes: &lt;em&gt;Sterile Products &lt;/em&gt;textbook by Pearson Education, official course binder, two day hands-on training institute, lunch/snacks on both training days,&amp;nbsp;use of laboratory equipment and supplies,&amp;nbsp;statement of CE credit and an Official&amp;nbsp;Certificate of Validated Training, upon successful completion.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CPE Credits &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;40.0 Contact Hours/4.0 CEU &lt;br&gt; Program Type: Practice&lt;br&gt; UAN No. 384-000-08-072-H05-T&lt;br&gt; Same as ACPE No. 384-000-05-072-H04-T&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt; This program was released November 1, 2005 and Re-released November 2, 2008.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table width=&quot;545&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr bgcolor=&quot;#f2f2f2&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr bgcolor=&quot;#f2f2f2&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;6&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr bgcolor=&quot;#f2f2f2&quot;&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;../../../../&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;vcard&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;adr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;street-address&quot;&gt;15832 W. Hardy, Suite 640&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;locality&quot;&gt;Houston&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;region&quot;&gt;Tx&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;country-name&quot;&gt;US&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

</description>

			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/206</guid>

			<pubDate>Mon, 22 Mar 2010 14:00:00 GMT</pubDate>

		</item>

		<item>

			<category>Events</category>

			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/208</link>

			<title>Compounding Certification Course</title>

			<description>&lt;div class=&quot;vevent&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;url&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/208&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;summary&quot;&gt;Compounding Certification Course&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtstart&quot;&gt;Start Date:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;abbr class=&quot;dtstart&quot; title=&quot;20100325T140000Z&quot;&gt;25-Mar-10 9:00 AM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtend&quot;&gt;End Time:&lt;/span&gt; 
&lt;abbr class=&quot;dtend&quot; title=&quot;20100326T220000Z&quot;&gt;26-Mar-10 5:00 PM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tlocation&quot;&gt;Location:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;location&quot;&gt;
NPTA Training Institute, Houston, Tx 77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tspeaker&quot;&gt;Speaker:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;speaker&quot;&gt;NPTA Faculty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdescription&quot;&gt;Event Details:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;description&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Course Details&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; The course requirements include: &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- 10 Home Study Modules with Exams&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- 2 Days Hands-On Training &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;How the Course Works&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; Participants must complete eleven separate modules of home-based learning, comprised of a reading assignment and comprehensive exam.&amp;nbsp;A score of 70% or higher is required&amp;nbsp;for each exam. &amp;nbsp;After completing the home-based study modules, participants attend and complete NPTA&amp;#8217;s&amp;nbsp;two-day &lt;em&gt;Pharmaceutical Compounding Training Institute&lt;/em&gt;, located at the &lt;a href=&quot;../../../../en/cms/?1393&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute &lt;/a&gt;in Houston, Texas.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Home Study Modules&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Introduction to Compounding/Compounding Practices &amp;amp; Considerations&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Facilities, Equipment &amp;amp; Supplies&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Quality Assurance &amp;amp; Record Keeping&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Capsules, Tablets &amp;amp; Powders&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Lozenges, Troches, Sticks &amp;amp; Suppositories&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Solutions, Suspensions &amp;amp; Emulsions&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Ointments, Creams, Pastes &amp;amp; Gels&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Ophthalmic, Otic &amp;amp; Nasal Preparations&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Medication Flavoring&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Veterinary Compounding&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Hands-On Training&amp;nbsp;Labs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Capsules&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Carbomer Gels&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;Creams&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Gelatin Troches&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Lip Balms&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Medicated Lollipops&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- PEG Troches&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- PLO Gels&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Solutions&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Suspensions&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Suppositories&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Tablet Triturates&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Coloring/Flavoring&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;Quality Assurance Methods&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Record Keeping&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Tuition Fee &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;$598 NPTA Members &lt;br&gt; $698 Non-Members &lt;div&gt; &lt;div&gt;Please note: This course is non-refundable.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;Rescheduling is subject to a $250 change fee and is based on availability.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;What's Included&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;div&gt; Tuition includes: &lt;em&gt;Compounding &lt;/em&gt;textbook by Pearson Education, official course binder, two day hands-on training institute, lunch/snacks on both training days,&amp;nbsp;use of laboratory equipment and supplies,&amp;nbsp;statement of CE credit and an Official&amp;nbsp;Certificate of Validated Training, upon successful completion. &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CPE Credits &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;40.0 Contact Hours/4.0 CEU &lt;br&gt; Program Type: Activity&lt;br&gt; UAN No. 384-000-09-072-H04-T&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 384-000-09-072-H04-P&lt;br&gt; This program was released March 12, 2009. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; Same as: 384-000-06-070-H04 (Released April 1, 2006)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;vcard&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;adr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;street-address&quot;&gt;15832 W. Hardy, Suite 640&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;locality&quot;&gt;Houston&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;region&quot;&gt;Tx&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;country-name&quot;&gt;US&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

</description>

			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/208</guid>

			<pubDate>Thu, 25 Mar 2010 14:00:00 GMT</pubDate>

		</item>

		<item>

			<category>Events</category>

			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/211</link>

			<title>Compounding Certification Course</title>

			<description>&lt;div class=&quot;vevent&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;url&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/211&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;summary&quot;&gt;Compounding Certification Course&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtstart&quot;&gt;Start Date:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;abbr class=&quot;dtstart&quot; title=&quot;20100408T140000Z&quot;&gt;8-Apr-10 9:00 AM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtend&quot;&gt;End Time:&lt;/span&gt; 
&lt;abbr class=&quot;dtend&quot; title=&quot;20100409T220000Z&quot;&gt;9-Apr-10 5:00 PM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tlocation&quot;&gt;Location:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;location&quot;&gt;
NPTA Training Institute, Houston, Tx 77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tspeaker&quot;&gt;Speaker:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;speaker&quot;&gt;NPTA Faculty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdescription&quot;&gt;Event Details:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;description&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Course Details&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; The course requirements include: &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- 10 Home Study Modules with Exams&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- 2 Days Hands-On Training &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;How the Course Works&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; Participants must complete eleven separate modules of home-based learning, comprised of a reading assignment and comprehensive exam.&amp;nbsp;A score of 70% or higher is required&amp;nbsp;for each exam. &amp;nbsp;After completing the home-based study modules, participants attend and complete NPTA&amp;#8217;s&amp;nbsp;two-day &lt;em&gt;Pharmaceutical Compounding Training Institute&lt;/em&gt;, located at the &lt;a href=&quot;../../../../en/cms/?1393&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute &lt;/a&gt;in Houston, Texas.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Home Study Modules&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Introduction to Compounding/Compounding Practices &amp;amp; Considerations&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Facilities, Equipment &amp;amp; Supplies&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Quality Assurance &amp;amp; Record Keeping&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Capsules, Tablets &amp;amp; Powders&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Lozenges, Troches, Sticks &amp;amp; Suppositories&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Solutions, Suspensions &amp;amp; Emulsions&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Ointments, Creams, Pastes &amp;amp; Gels&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Ophthalmic, Otic &amp;amp; Nasal Preparations&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Medication Flavoring&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Veterinary Compounding&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Hands-On Training&amp;nbsp;Labs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Capsules&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Carbomer Gels&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;Creams&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Gelatin Troches&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Lip Balms&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Medicated Lollipops&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- PEG Troches&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- PLO Gels&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Solutions&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Suspensions&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Suppositories&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Tablet Triturates&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Coloring/Flavoring&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;Quality Assurance Methods&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Record Keeping&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Tuition Fee &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;$598 NPTA Members &lt;br&gt; $698 Non-Members &lt;div&gt; &lt;div&gt;Please note: This course is non-refundable.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;Rescheduling is subject to a $250 change fee and is based on availability.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;What's Included&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;div&gt; Tuition includes: &lt;em&gt;Compounding &lt;/em&gt;textbook by Pearson Education, official course binder, two day hands-on training institute, lunch/snacks on both training days,&amp;nbsp;use of laboratory equipment and supplies,&amp;nbsp;statement of CE credit and an Official&amp;nbsp;Certificate of Validated Training, upon successful completion. &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CPE Credits &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;40.0 Contact Hours/4.0 CEU &lt;br&gt; Program Type: Activity&lt;br&gt; UAN No. 384-000-09-072-H04-T&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 384-000-09-072-H04-P&lt;br&gt; This program was released March 12, 2009. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; Same as: 384-000-06-070-H04 (Released April 1, 2006)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;vcard&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;adr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;street-address&quot;&gt;15832 W. Hardy, Suite 640&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;locality&quot;&gt;Houston&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;region&quot;&gt;Tx&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;country-name&quot;&gt;US&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

</description>

			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/211</guid>

			<pubDate>Thu, 08 Apr 2010 14:00:00 GMT</pubDate>

		</item>

		<item>

			<category>Events</category>

			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/209</link>

			<title>IV Certification Course</title>

			<description>&lt;div class=&quot;vevent&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;url&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/209&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;summary&quot;&gt;IV Certification Course&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtstart&quot;&gt;Start Date:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;abbr class=&quot;dtstart&quot; title=&quot;20100412T140000Z&quot;&gt;12-Apr-10 9:00 AM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtend&quot;&gt;End Time:&lt;/span&gt; 
&lt;abbr class=&quot;dtend&quot; title=&quot;20100413T220000Z&quot;&gt;13-Apr-10 5:00 PM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tlocation&quot;&gt;Location:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;location&quot;&gt;
NPTA Training Institute, Houston, Tx 77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tspeaker&quot;&gt;Speaker:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;speaker&quot;&gt;NPTA Faculty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdescription&quot;&gt;Event Details:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;description&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Course Details &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;The course requirements include: &lt;br&gt; - 9 Home Study Modules &lt;br&gt; - 2 Days Hands-On Training&lt;br&gt; - 8&amp;nbsp;Process Technique Validations &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;../../../../en/cms/?1386&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Complete Learning Objectives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;How the Course Works &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;Participants must complete nine separate modules of home-based learning, comprised of a reading assignment and comprehensive exam.&amp;nbsp;A score of 70% or higher is required&amp;nbsp;for each exam. &amp;nbsp;After completing the home-based study modules, participants attend and complete NPTA&amp;#8217;s&amp;nbsp;two-day&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sterile Product&amp;nbsp;Training Institute&lt;/em&gt;, located at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;../../../../en/cms/?1393&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute&lt;/a&gt; in Houston, Texas.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Home Study Modules&lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;- Introduction to Sterile Products&lt;br&gt; - Facilities, Garb &amp;amp; Equipment&lt;br&gt; - Aseptic Calculations&lt;br&gt; - Properties of Sterile Products&lt;br&gt; - Aseptic Technique&lt;br&gt; - Sterile Product Preparations&lt;br&gt; - Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)&lt;br&gt; - Chemotherapy&lt;br&gt; - Quality Control and Assurance&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Training &amp;amp; Technique Validations&lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;- Aseptic Hand Washing&lt;br&gt; - Horizontal Laminar Airflow Hood Care&lt;br&gt; - Vertical Laminar Airflow Hood Care&lt;br&gt; - Vial Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Ampule Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Hazardous Vial Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Hazardous Ampule Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - TPN Compounding&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tuition Fee &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;$598 Members &lt;br&gt; $698 Non-Members&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Please note: This course is non-refundable and non-transferable.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Rescheduling is subject to a $250 change fee and is based on availability.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;What's Included &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;Tuition includes: &lt;em&gt;Sterile Products &lt;/em&gt;textbook by Pearson Education, official course binder, two day hands-on training institute, lunch/snacks on both training days,&amp;nbsp;use of laboratory equipment and supplies,&amp;nbsp;statement of CE credit and an Official&amp;nbsp;Certificate of Validated Training, upon successful completion.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CPE Credits &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;40.0 Contact Hours/4.0 CEU &lt;br&gt; Program Type: Practice&lt;br&gt; UAN No. 384-000-08-072-H05-T&lt;br&gt; Same as ACPE No. 384-000-05-072-H04-T&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt; This program was released November 1, 2005 and Re-released November 2, 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;vcard&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;adr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;street-address&quot;&gt;15832 W. Hardy, Suite 640&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;locality&quot;&gt;Houston&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;region&quot;&gt;Tx&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;country-name&quot;&gt;US&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

</description>

			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/209</guid>

			<pubDate>Mon, 12 Apr 2010 14:00:00 GMT</pubDate>

		</item>

		<item>

			<category>Events</category>

			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/210</link>

			<title>IV Certification Course</title>

			<description>&lt;div class=&quot;vevent&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;url&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/210&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;summary&quot;&gt;IV Certification Course&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtstart&quot;&gt;Start Date:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;abbr class=&quot;dtstart&quot; title=&quot;20100419T140000Z&quot;&gt;19-Apr-10 9:00 AM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtend&quot;&gt;End Time:&lt;/span&gt; 
&lt;abbr class=&quot;dtend&quot; title=&quot;20100420T220000Z&quot;&gt;20-Apr-10 5:00 PM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tlocation&quot;&gt;Location:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;location&quot;&gt;
NPTA Training Institute, Houston, Tx 77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tspeaker&quot;&gt;Speaker:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;speaker&quot;&gt;NPTA Faculty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdescription&quot;&gt;Event Details:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;description&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Course Details &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;The course requirements include: &lt;br&gt; - 9 Home Study Modules &lt;br&gt; - 2 Days Hands-On Training&lt;br&gt; - 8&amp;nbsp;Process Technique Validations &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;../../../../en/cms/?1386&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Complete Learning Objectives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;How the Course Works &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;Participants must complete nine separate modules of home-based learning, comprised of a reading assignment and comprehensive exam.&amp;nbsp;A score of 70% or higher is required&amp;nbsp;for each exam. &amp;nbsp;After completing the home-based study modules, participants attend and complete NPTA&amp;#8217;s&amp;nbsp;two-day&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sterile Product&amp;nbsp;Training Institute&lt;/em&gt;, located at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;../../../../en/cms/?1393&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute&lt;/a&gt; in Houston, Texas.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Home Study Modules&lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;- Introduction to Sterile Products&lt;br&gt; - Facilities, Garb &amp;amp; Equipment&lt;br&gt; - Aseptic Calculations&lt;br&gt; - Properties of Sterile Products&lt;br&gt; - Aseptic Technique&lt;br&gt; - Sterile Product Preparations&lt;br&gt; - Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)&lt;br&gt; - Chemotherapy&lt;br&gt; - Quality Control and Assurance&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Training &amp;amp; Technique Validations&lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;- Aseptic Hand Washing&lt;br&gt; - Horizontal Laminar Airflow Hood Care&lt;br&gt; - Vertical Laminar Airflow Hood Care&lt;br&gt; - Vial Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Ampule Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Hazardous Vial Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Hazardous Ampule Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - TPN Compounding&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tuition Fee &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;$598 Members &lt;br&gt; $698 Non-Members&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Please note: This course is non-refundable and non-transferable.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Rescheduling is subject to a $250 change fee and is based on availability.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;What's Included &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;Tuition includes: &lt;em&gt;Sterile Products &lt;/em&gt;textbook by Pearson Education, official course binder, two day hands-on training institute, lunch/snacks on both training days,&amp;nbsp;use of laboratory equipment and supplies,&amp;nbsp;statement of CE credit and an Official&amp;nbsp;Certificate of Validated Training, upon successful completion.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CPE Credits &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;40.0 Contact Hours/4.0 CEU &lt;br&gt; Program Type: Practice&lt;br&gt; UAN No. 384-000-08-072-H05-T&lt;br&gt; Same as ACPE No. 384-000-05-072-H04-T&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt; This program was released November 1, 2005 and Re-released November 2, 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;vcard&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;adr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;street-address&quot;&gt;15832 W. Hardy, Suite 640&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;locality&quot;&gt;Houston&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;region&quot;&gt;Tx&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;country-name&quot;&gt;US&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

</description>

			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/210</guid>

			<pubDate>Mon, 19 Apr 2010 14:00:00 GMT</pubDate>

		</item>

		<item>

			<category>Events</category>

			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/228</link>

			<title>IV Certification Course</title>

			<description>&lt;div class=&quot;vevent&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;url&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/228&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;summary&quot;&gt;IV Certification Course&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtstart&quot;&gt;Start Date:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;abbr class=&quot;dtstart&quot; title=&quot;20100503T140000Z&quot;&gt;3-May-10 9:00 AM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtend&quot;&gt;End Time:&lt;/span&gt; 
&lt;abbr class=&quot;dtend&quot; title=&quot;20100504T220000Z&quot;&gt;4-May-10 5:00 PM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tlocation&quot;&gt;Location:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;location&quot;&gt;
NPTA Training Institute, Houston, Tx 77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tspeaker&quot;&gt;Speaker:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;speaker&quot;&gt;NPTA Faculty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdescription&quot;&gt;Event Details:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;description&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Course Details &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;The course requirements include: &lt;br&gt; - 9 Home Study Modules &lt;br&gt; - 2 Days Hands-On Training&lt;br&gt; - 8&amp;nbsp;Process Technique Validations &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;../../../../en/cms/?1386&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Complete Learning Objectives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;How the Course Works &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;Participants must complete nine separate modules of home-based learning, comprised of a reading assignment and comprehensive exam.&amp;nbsp;A score of 70% or higher is required&amp;nbsp;for each exam. &amp;nbsp;After completing the home-based study modules, participants attend and complete NPTA&amp;#8217;s&amp;nbsp;two-day&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sterile Product&amp;nbsp;Training Institute&lt;/em&gt;, located at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;../../../../en/cms/?1393&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute&lt;/a&gt; in Houston, Texas.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Home Study Modules&lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;- Introduction to Sterile Products&lt;br&gt; - Facilities, Garb &amp;amp; Equipment&lt;br&gt; - Aseptic Calculations&lt;br&gt; - Properties of Sterile Products&lt;br&gt; - Aseptic Technique&lt;br&gt; - Sterile Product Preparations&lt;br&gt; - Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)&lt;br&gt; - Chemotherapy&lt;br&gt; - Quality Control and Assurance&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Training &amp;amp; Technique Validations&lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;- Aseptic Hand Washing&lt;br&gt; - Horizontal Laminar Airflow Hood Care&lt;br&gt; - Vertical Laminar Airflow Hood Care&lt;br&gt; - Vial Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Ampule Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Hazardous Vial Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Hazardous Ampule Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - TPN Compounding&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tuition Fee &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;$598 Members &lt;br&gt; $698 Non-Members&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Please note: This course is non-refundable and non-transferable.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Rescheduling is subject to a $250 change fee and is based on availability.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;What's Included &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;Tuition includes: &lt;em&gt;Sterile Products &lt;/em&gt;textbook by Pearson Education, official course binder, two day hands-on training institute, lunch/snacks on both training days,&amp;nbsp;use of laboratory equipment and supplies,&amp;nbsp;statement of CE credit and an Official&amp;nbsp;Certificate of Validated Training, upon successful completion.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CPE Credits &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;40.0 Contact Hours/4.0 CEU &lt;br&gt; Program Type: Practice&lt;br&gt; UAN No. 384-000-08-072-H05-T&lt;br&gt; Same as ACPE No. 384-000-05-072-H04-T&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt; This program was released November 1, 2005 and Re-released November 2, 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;vcard&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;adr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;street-address&quot;&gt;15832 W. Hardy, Suite 640&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;locality&quot;&gt;Houston&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;region&quot;&gt;Tx&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;country-name&quot;&gt;US&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

</description>

			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/228</guid>

			<pubDate>Mon, 03 May 2010 14:00:00 GMT</pubDate>

		</item>

		<item>

			<category>Events</category>

			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/213</link>

			<title>Compounding Certification Course</title>

			<description>&lt;div class=&quot;vevent&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;url&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/213&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;summary&quot;&gt;Compounding Certification Course&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtstart&quot;&gt;Start Date:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;abbr class=&quot;dtstart&quot; title=&quot;20100506T140000Z&quot;&gt;6-May-10 9:00 AM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtend&quot;&gt;End Time:&lt;/span&gt; 
&lt;abbr class=&quot;dtend&quot; title=&quot;20100507T220000Z&quot;&gt;7-May-10 5:00 PM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tlocation&quot;&gt;Location:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;location&quot;&gt;
NPTA Training Institute, Houston, Tx 77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tspeaker&quot;&gt;Speaker:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;speaker&quot;&gt;NPTA Faculty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdescription&quot;&gt;Event Details:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;description&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Course Details&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; The course requirements include: &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- 10 Home Study Modules with Exams&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- 2 Days Hands-On Training &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;How the Course Works&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; Participants must complete eleven separate modules of home-based learning, comprised of a reading assignment and comprehensive exam.&amp;nbsp;A score of 70% or higher is required&amp;nbsp;for each exam. &amp;nbsp;After completing the home-based study modules, participants attend and complete NPTA&amp;#8217;s&amp;nbsp;two-day &lt;em&gt;Pharmaceutical Compounding Training Institute&lt;/em&gt;, located at the &lt;a href=&quot;../../../../en/cms/?1393&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute &lt;/a&gt;in Houston, Texas.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Home Study Modules&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Introduction to Compounding/Compounding Practices &amp;amp; Considerations&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Facilities, Equipment &amp;amp; Supplies&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Quality Assurance &amp;amp; Record Keeping&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Capsules, Tablets &amp;amp; Powders&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Lozenges, Troches, Sticks &amp;amp; Suppositories&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Solutions, Suspensions &amp;amp; Emulsions&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Ointments, Creams, Pastes &amp;amp; Gels&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Ophthalmic, Otic &amp;amp; Nasal Preparations&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Medication Flavoring&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Veterinary Compounding&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Hands-On Training&amp;nbsp;Labs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Capsules&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Carbomer Gels&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;Creams&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Gelatin Troches&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Lip Balms&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Medicated Lollipops&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- PEG Troches&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- PLO Gels&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Solutions&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Suspensions&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Suppositories&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Tablet Triturates&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Coloring/Flavoring&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;Quality Assurance Methods&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Record Keeping&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Tuition Fee &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;$598 NPTA Members &lt;br&gt; $698 Non-Members &lt;div&gt; &lt;div&gt;Please note: This course is non-refundable.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;Rescheduling is subject to a $250 change fee and is based on availability.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;What's Included&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;div&gt; Tuition includes: &lt;em&gt;Compounding &lt;/em&gt;textbook by Pearson Education, official course binder, two day hands-on training institute, lunch/snacks on both training days,&amp;nbsp;use of laboratory equipment and supplies,&amp;nbsp;statement of CE credit and an Official&amp;nbsp;Certificate of Validated Training, upon successful completion. &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CPE Credits &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;40.0 Contact Hours/4.0 CEU &lt;br&gt; Program Type: Activity&lt;br&gt; UAN No. 384-000-09-072-H04-T&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 384-000-09-072-H04-P&lt;br&gt; This program was released March 12, 2009. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; Same as: 384-000-06-070-H04 (Released April 1, 2006)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;vcard&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;adr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;street-address&quot;&gt;15832 W. Hardy, Suite 640&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;locality&quot;&gt;Houston&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;region&quot;&gt;Tx&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;country-name&quot;&gt;US&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

</description>

			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/213</guid>

			<pubDate>Thu, 06 May 2010 14:00:00 GMT</pubDate>

		</item>

		<item>

			<category>Events</category>

			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/229</link>

			<title>IV Certification Course</title>

			<description>&lt;div class=&quot;vevent&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;url&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/229&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;summary&quot;&gt;IV Certification Course&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtstart&quot;&gt;Start Date:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;abbr class=&quot;dtstart&quot; title=&quot;20100517T140000Z&quot;&gt;17-May-10 9:00 AM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtend&quot;&gt;End Time:&lt;/span&gt; 
&lt;abbr class=&quot;dtend&quot; title=&quot;20100518T220000Z&quot;&gt;18-May-10 5:00 PM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tlocation&quot;&gt;Location:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;location&quot;&gt;
NPTA Training Institute, Houston, Tx 77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tspeaker&quot;&gt;Speaker:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;speaker&quot;&gt;NPTA Faculty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdescription&quot;&gt;Event Details:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;description&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Course Details &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;The course requirements include: &lt;br&gt; - 9 Home Study Modules &lt;br&gt; - 2 Days Hands-On Training&lt;br&gt; - 8&amp;nbsp;Process Technique Validations &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;../../../../en/cms/?1386&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Complete Learning Objectives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;How the Course Works &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;Participants must complete nine separate modules of home-based learning, comprised of a reading assignment and comprehensive exam.&amp;nbsp;A score of 70% or higher is required&amp;nbsp;for each exam. &amp;nbsp;After completing the home-based study modules, participants attend and complete NPTA&amp;#8217;s&amp;nbsp;two-day&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sterile Product&amp;nbsp;Training Institute&lt;/em&gt;, located at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;../../../../en/cms/?1393&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute&lt;/a&gt; in Houston, Texas.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Home Study Modules&lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;- Introduction to Sterile Products&lt;br&gt; - Facilities, Garb &amp;amp; Equipment&lt;br&gt; - Aseptic Calculations&lt;br&gt; - Properties of Sterile Products&lt;br&gt; - Aseptic Technique&lt;br&gt; - Sterile Product Preparations&lt;br&gt; - Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)&lt;br&gt; - Chemotherapy&lt;br&gt; - Quality Control and Assurance&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Training &amp;amp; Technique Validations&lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;- Aseptic Hand Washing&lt;br&gt; - Horizontal Laminar Airflow Hood Care&lt;br&gt; - Vertical Laminar Airflow Hood Care&lt;br&gt; - Vial Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Ampule Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Hazardous Vial Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Hazardous Ampule Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - TPN Compounding&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tuition Fee &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;$598 Members &lt;br&gt; $698 Non-Members&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Please note: This course is non-refundable and non-transferable.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Rescheduling is subject to a $250 change fee and is based on availability.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;What's Included &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;Tuition includes: &lt;em&gt;Sterile Products &lt;/em&gt;textbook by Pearson Education, official course binder, two day hands-on training institute, lunch/snacks on both training days,&amp;nbsp;use of laboratory equipment and supplies,&amp;nbsp;statement of CE credit and an Official&amp;nbsp;Certificate of Validated Training, upon successful completion.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CPE Credits &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;40.0 Contact Hours/4.0 CEU &lt;br&gt; Program Type: Practice&lt;br&gt; UAN No. 384-000-08-072-H05-T&lt;br&gt; Same as ACPE No. 384-000-05-072-H04-T&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt; This program was released November 1, 2005 and Re-released November 2, 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;vcard&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;adr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;street-address&quot;&gt;15832 W. Hardy, Suite 640&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;locality&quot;&gt;Houston&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;region&quot;&gt;Tx&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;country-name&quot;&gt;US&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

</description>

			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/229</guid>

			<pubDate>Mon, 17 May 2010 14:00:00 GMT</pubDate>

		</item>

		<item>

			<category>Events</category>

			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/230</link>

			<title>IV Certification Course</title>

			<description>&lt;div class=&quot;vevent&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;url&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/230&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;summary&quot;&gt;IV Certification Course&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtstart&quot;&gt;Start Date:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;abbr class=&quot;dtstart&quot; title=&quot;20100607T140000Z&quot;&gt;7-Jun-10 9:00 AM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtend&quot;&gt;End Time:&lt;/span&gt; 
&lt;abbr class=&quot;dtend&quot; title=&quot;20100608T220000Z&quot;&gt;8-Jun-10 5:00 PM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tlocation&quot;&gt;Location:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;location&quot;&gt;
NPTA Training Institute, Houston, Tx 77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tspeaker&quot;&gt;Speaker:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;speaker&quot;&gt;NPTA Faculty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdescription&quot;&gt;Event Details:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;description&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Course Details &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;The course requirements include: &lt;br&gt; - 9 Home Study Modules &lt;br&gt; - 2 Days Hands-On Training&lt;br&gt; - 8&amp;nbsp;Process Technique Validations &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;../../../../en/cms/?1386&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;Complete Learning Objectives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;How the Course Works &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;Participants must complete nine separate modules of home-based learning, comprised of a reading assignment and comprehensive exam.&amp;nbsp;A score of 70% or higher is required&amp;nbsp;for each exam. &amp;nbsp;After completing the home-based study modules, participants attend and complete NPTA&amp;#8217;s&amp;nbsp;two-day&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sterile Product&amp;nbsp;Training Institute&lt;/em&gt;, located at the&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;../../../../en/cms/?1393&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute&lt;/a&gt; in Houston, Texas.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Home Study Modules&lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;- Introduction to Sterile Products&lt;br&gt; - Facilities, Garb &amp;amp; Equipment&lt;br&gt; - Aseptic Calculations&lt;br&gt; - Properties of Sterile Products&lt;br&gt; - Aseptic Technique&lt;br&gt; - Sterile Product Preparations&lt;br&gt; - Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)&lt;br&gt; - Chemotherapy&lt;br&gt; - Quality Control and Assurance&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Training &amp;amp; Technique Validations&lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;- Aseptic Hand Washing&lt;br&gt; - Horizontal Laminar Airflow Hood Care&lt;br&gt; - Vertical Laminar Airflow Hood Care&lt;br&gt; - Vial Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Ampule Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Hazardous Vial Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - Hazardous Ampule Manipulations&lt;br&gt; - TPN Compounding&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tuition Fee &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;$598 Members &lt;br&gt; $698 Non-Members&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Please note: This course is non-refundable and non-transferable.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;Rescheduling is subject to a $250 change fee and is based on availability.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;What's Included &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;Tuition includes: &lt;em&gt;Sterile Products &lt;/em&gt;textbook by Pearson Education, official course binder, two day hands-on training institute, lunch/snacks on both training days,&amp;nbsp;use of laboratory equipment and supplies,&amp;nbsp;statement of CE credit and an Official&amp;nbsp;Certificate of Validated Training, upon successful completion.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CPE Credits &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;40.0 Contact Hours/4.0 CEU &lt;br&gt; Program Type: Practice&lt;br&gt; UAN No. 384-000-08-072-H05-T&lt;br&gt; Same as ACPE No. 384-000-05-072-H04-T&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt; This program was released November 1, 2005 and Re-released November 2, 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;vcard&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;adr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;street-address&quot;&gt;15832 W. Hardy, Suite 640&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;locality&quot;&gt;Houston&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;region&quot;&gt;Tx&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;country-name&quot;&gt;US&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

</description>

			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/230</guid>

			<pubDate>Mon, 07 Jun 2010 14:00:00 GMT</pubDate>

		</item>

		<item>

			<category>Events</category>

			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/215</link>

			<title>Compounding Certification Course</title>

			<description>&lt;div class=&quot;vevent&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;url&quot; href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/215&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;summary&quot;&gt;Compounding Certification Course&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtstart&quot;&gt;Start Date:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;abbr class=&quot;dtstart&quot; title=&quot;20100610T140000Z&quot;&gt;10-Jun-10 9:00 AM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdtend&quot;&gt;End Time:&lt;/span&gt; 
&lt;abbr class=&quot;dtend&quot; title=&quot;20100611T220000Z&quot;&gt;11-Jun-10 5:00 PM&lt;/abbr&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tlocation&quot;&gt;Location:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;location&quot;&gt;
NPTA Training Institute, Houston, Tx 77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tspeaker&quot;&gt;Speaker:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;speaker&quot;&gt;NPTA Faculty&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;tdescription&quot;&gt;Event Details:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;description&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Course Details&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; The course requirements include: &lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- 10 Home Study Modules with Exams&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- 2 Days Hands-On Training &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;How the Course Works&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; Participants must complete eleven separate modules of home-based learning, comprised of a reading assignment and comprehensive exam.&amp;nbsp;A score of 70% or higher is required&amp;nbsp;for each exam. &amp;nbsp;After completing the home-based study modules, participants attend and complete NPTA&amp;#8217;s&amp;nbsp;two-day &lt;em&gt;Pharmaceutical Compounding Training Institute&lt;/em&gt;, located at the &lt;a href=&quot;../../../../en/cms/?1393&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute &lt;/a&gt;in Houston, Texas.&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Home Study Modules&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Introduction to Compounding/Compounding Practices &amp;amp; Considerations&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Facilities, Equipment &amp;amp; Supplies&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Quality Assurance &amp;amp; Record Keeping&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Capsules, Tablets &amp;amp; Powders&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Lozenges, Troches, Sticks &amp;amp; Suppositories&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Solutions, Suspensions &amp;amp; Emulsions&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Ointments, Creams, Pastes &amp;amp; Gels&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Ophthalmic, Otic &amp;amp; Nasal Preparations&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Medication Flavoring&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Veterinary Compounding&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Hands-On Training&amp;nbsp;Labs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Capsules&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Carbomer Gels&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;Creams&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Gelatin Troches&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Lip Balms&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Medicated Lollipops&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- PEG Troches&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- PLO Gels&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Solutions&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Suspensions&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Suppositories&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Tablet Triturates&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Coloring/Flavoring&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;Quality Assurance Methods&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;- Record Keeping&lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Tuition Fee &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;$598 NPTA Members &lt;br&gt; $698 Non-Members &lt;div&gt; &lt;div&gt;Please note: This course is non-refundable.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;Rescheduling is subject to a $250 change fee and is based on availability.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;strong&gt;What's Included&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;div&gt; Tuition includes: &lt;em&gt;Compounding &lt;/em&gt;textbook by Pearson Education, official course binder, two day hands-on training institute, lunch/snacks on both training days,&amp;nbsp;use of laboratory equipment and supplies,&amp;nbsp;statement of CE credit and an Official&amp;nbsp;Certificate of Validated Training, upon successful completion. &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff0000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CPE Credits &lt;br&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;40.0 Contact Hours/4.0 CEU &lt;br&gt; Program Type: Activity&lt;br&gt; UAN No. 384-000-09-072-H04-T&lt;br&gt; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 384-000-09-072-H04-P&lt;br&gt; This program was released March 12, 2009. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; Same as: 384-000-06-070-H04 (Released April 1, 2006)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;vcard&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;NPTA Training Institute
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;adr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;street-address&quot;&gt;15832 W. Hardy, Suite 640&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;locality&quot;&gt;Houston&lt;/span&gt;,
&lt;span class=&quot;region&quot;&gt;Tx&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;country-name&quot;&gt;US&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;postal-code&quot;&gt;77060&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

</description>

			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/215</guid>

			<pubDate>Thu, 10 Jun 2010 14:00:00 GMT</pubDate>

		</item>

		<item>

			<category>Articles</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/452/</link>
			<title>NPTA Takes the Lead in Social Media for Pharmacy</title>
			<description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: relative; z-index: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 449px; top: -5px; width: 311px; height: 86px;&quot;&gt;  &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; vertical-align: top; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; width=&quot;311&quot; bgcolor=&quot;white&quot; height=&quot;86&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; z-index: 1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;     &lt;div v:shape=&quot;_x0000_s1026&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Contact:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Kristina Michel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Communications Specialist - NPTA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;832-426-2685&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;kmichel@pharmacytechnician.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/div&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;March 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h1 align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;NPTA Takes the Lead in Social Media for Pharmacy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;  &lt;h2 align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;T&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;he National Pharmacy Technician Association makes history as the only pharmacy-related professional organization on Facebook to break 10,000 fans&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;HOUSTON&amp;#8212;The National Pharmacy Technician Association (NPTA) has raised the bar for pharmacy organizations as the first pharmacy organization to gain over 10,000 Facebook fans.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;NPTA hailed the milestone as a testament to of the organization&amp;#8217;s strength and adaptability to the changing needs and information-gathering preferences of pharmacy professionals. The organization&amp;#8217;s founder and CEO Mike Johnston, CPhT, attributed the organization&amp;#8217;s success to its unique strategy of promoting conversation and communication amongst pharmacy technicians.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8220;I believe NPTA is unique in the fact that we utilize emerging technologies, such as social media, as a channel to establish genuine relationships and foster authentic conversations,&amp;#8221; said Johnston. &amp;#8220;We don&amp;#8217;t use Facebook simply as a landing page for press releases, as many organizations make the mistake of doing.&amp;#8221;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Since its inception in 1999, NPTA has taken the lead in using emerging technologies as a means of connecting pharmacy technicians across the country. The organization&amp;#8217;s motivation is fostering conversation and feedback. Content is posted daily on the NPTA Facebook and Twitter pages to bring pharmacy technicians up to date on the latest news and encourage discussion. NPTA also encourages member feedback from surveys, blogs and other online content posted to members. NPTA&amp;#8217;s commitment to the support and unity of pharmacy technicians has helped build it into the largest pharmacy technician organization in the United States.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: relative; z-index: 2; left: -94px; top: 0px; width: 811px; height: 147px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;ALL&quot; /&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8220;We view social media as another channel to connect with our constituents &amp;#8211; pharmacy technicians &amp;#8211; on a direct and personal level,&amp;#8221; Johnston said. &amp;#8220;We are committed to stay on the leading edge of new and emerging technologies which allow us to achieve our organization&amp;#8217;s mission.&amp;#8221;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Plans are already in place to push the NPTA social media strategy to the next level. The organization has hired a new communications specialist and is in the process of creating more multimedia content to assist pharmacy technicians with their career development.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;About NPTA&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The National Pharmacy Technician Association (NPTA), which was founded in 1999, is the largest non-profit trade association for pharmacy technicians in the world. The association represents over 30,000 individuals practicing in a variety of settings, such as retail pharmacy, health-system pharmacy, independent pharmacy, federal pharmacy services, purchasing, education and management. NPTA is the leading provider of accredited continuing education programs for Certified Pharmacy Technicians and offers advanced certifications in Sterile Products and Compounding. The association is committed to advancing the roles of pharmacy technicians to reduce medication errors and advocates for mandatory/standardized technician education, certification and registration. For more information on NPTA, call 888-247-8700 or visit http://www.pharmacytechnician.org.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;5-Mar-10 1:00 PM
</description>
			<itunes:subtitle>NPTA Takes the Lead in Social Media for Pharmacy</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: relative; z-index: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 449px; top: -5px; width: 311px; height: 86px;&quot;&gt;  &lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; vertical-align: top; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;&quot; width=&quot;311&quot; bgcolor=&quot;white&quot; height=&quot;86&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: absolute; z-index: 1;&quot;&gt;   &lt;table width=&quot;100%&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;     &lt;td&gt;     &lt;div v:shape=&quot;_x0000_s1026&quot; style=&quot;padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;&quot;&gt;     &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Contact:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Kristina Michel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Communications Specialist - NPTA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;832-426-2685&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;kmichel@pharmacytechnician.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;     &lt;/div&gt;     &lt;/td&gt;    &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;March 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h1 align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;NPTA Takes the Lead in Social Media for Pharmacy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;  &lt;h2 align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;T&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;he National Pharmacy Technician Association makes history as the only pharmacy-related professional organization on Facebook to break 10,000 fans&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;HOUSTON&amp;#8212;The National Pharmacy Technician Association (NPTA) has raised the bar for pharmacy organizations as the first pharmacy organization to gain over 10,000 Facebook fans.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;NPTA hailed the milestone as a testament to of the organization&amp;#8217;s strength and adaptability to the changing needs and information-gathering preferences of pharmacy professionals. The organization&amp;#8217;s founder and CEO Mike Johnston, CPhT, attributed the organization&amp;#8217;s success to its unique strategy of promoting conversation and communication amongst pharmacy technicians.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8220;I believe NPTA is unique in the fact that we utilize emerging technologies, such as social media, as a channel to establish genuine relationships and foster authentic conversations,&amp;#8221; said Johnston. &amp;#8220;We don&amp;#8217;t use Facebook simply as a landing page for press releases, as many organizations make the mistake of doing.&amp;#8221;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Since its inception in 1999, NPTA has taken the lead in using emerging technologies as a means of connecting pharmacy technicians across the country. The organization&amp;#8217;s motivation is fostering conversation and feedback. Content is posted daily on the NPTA Facebook and Twitter pages to bring pharmacy technicians up to date on the latest news and encourage discussion. NPTA also encourages member feedback from surveys, blogs and other online content posted to members. NPTA&amp;#8217;s commitment to the support and unity of pharmacy technicians has helped build it into the largest pharmacy technician organization in the United States.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;position: relative; z-index: 2; left: -94px; top: 0px; width: 811px; height: 147px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;ALL&quot; /&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8220;We view social media as another channel to connect with our constituents &amp;#8211; pharmacy technicians &amp;#8211; on a direct and personal level,&amp;#8221; Johnston said. &amp;#8220;We are committed to stay on the leading edge of new and emerging technologies which allow us to achieve our organization&amp;#8217;s mission.&amp;#8221;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Plans are already in place to push the NPTA social media strategy to the next level. The organization has hired a new communications specialist and is in the process of creating more multimedia content to assist pharmacy technicians with their career development.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;About NPTA&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The National Pharmacy Technician Association (NPTA), which was founded in 1999, is the largest non-profit trade association for pharmacy technicians in the world. The association represents over 30,000 individuals practicing in a variety of settings, such as retail pharmacy, health-system pharmacy, independent pharmacy, federal pharmacy services, purchasing, education and management. NPTA is the leading provider of accredited continuing education programs for Certified Pharmacy Technicians and offers advanced certifications in Sterile Products and Compounding. The association is committed to advancing the roles of pharmacy technicians to reduce medication errors and advocates for mandatory/standardized technician education, certification and registration. For more information on NPTA, call 888-247-8700 or visit http://www.pharmacytechnician.org.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</itunes:summary>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/452/</guid>
			<author>Kristina Michel</author>
			<pubDate>Fri, 05 Mar 2010 19:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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		<item>

			<category>Articles</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/450/</link>
			<title>NPTA Responds to ABC News Report</title>
			<description>&lt;div&gt;&lt;object width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;385&quot;&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;movie&quot; value=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/MLi-O1bPO90&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;color1=0x3a3a3a&amp;color2=0x999999&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;allowFullScreen&quot; value=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;allowscriptaccess&quot; value=&quot;always&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/MLi-O1bPO90&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;color1=0x3a3a3a&amp;color2=0x999999&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot; allowscriptaccess=&quot;always&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;385&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;On March 1, 2010, ABC News aired a report on medication errors caused by pharmacy professionals. The network issued a damaging portrayal of pharmacy technicians in practice. The broadcast does pose several critical questions that the pharmacy profession must address.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;With the exponential growth in annual prescription dispensing, new drugs, expansion of the OTC selection, and the emergence of advanced technology in the pharmacy, the role of pharmacy technicians has grown dramatically. Add to this the current health care plan that is currently under review and should substantially increase prescription volume to this ever-growing role. The National Pharmacy Technician Association (NPTA) has taken a strong position that in order to practice as pharmacy technicians, individuals should be required to complete a standardized education training program, pass a validated competency-based exam and be registered within their state board of pharmacy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Everyone agrees that a single medication error is one too many. However, the reality is that mistakes will be made even by the most qualified and educated professionals. NPTA recognizes that mandatory pharmacy technician education will not eliminate all medication errors entirely, but it will significantly reduce the risk. For most states, there is an additional measure that can be taken to ensure patient safety: required and standardized education and training of pharmacy technicians.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The investigative report by ABC News created buzz for the network, but hopefully, this will serve as a wake-up call for the pharmacy profession. Pharmacy technicians are a critical part of the pharmacy team, and for them to be efficient and effective team members, standardized education is necessary. NPTA intends to work with state pharmacy boards, employers, pharmacy associations, accrediting agencies, educators and practitioners, to further discuss the regulation of standardized pharmacy technician training.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;NPTA also invites you to comment on this issue.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;5-Mar-10 10:00 AM
</description>
			<itunes:subtitle>NPTA Responds to ABC News Report</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>&lt;div&gt;&lt;object width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;385&quot;&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;movie&quot; value=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/MLi-O1bPO90&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;color1=0x3a3a3a&amp;color2=0x999999&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;allowFullScreen&quot; value=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name=&quot;allowscriptaccess&quot; value=&quot;always&quot;&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/MLi-O1bPO90&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;color1=0x3a3a3a&amp;color2=0x999999&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot; allowscriptaccess=&quot;always&quot; allowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;385&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;On March 1, 2010, ABC News aired a report on medication errors caused by pharmacy professionals. The network issued a damaging portrayal of pharmacy technicians in practice. The broadcast does pose several critical questions that the pharmacy profession must address.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;With the exponential growth in annual prescription dispensing, new drugs, expansion of the OTC selection, and the emergence of advanced technology in the pharmacy, the role of pharmacy technicians has grown dramatically. Add to this the current health care plan that is currently under review and should substantially increase prescription volume to this ever-growing role. The National Pharmacy Technician Association (NPTA) has taken a strong position that in order to practice as pharmacy technicians, individuals should be required to complete a standardized education training program, pass a validated competency-based exam and be registered within their state board of pharmacy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Everyone agrees that a single medication error is one too many. However, the reality is that mistakes will be made even by the most qualified and educated professionals. NPTA recognizes that mandatory pharmacy technician education will not eliminate all medication errors entirely, but it will significantly reduce the risk. For most states, there is an additional measure that can be taken to ensure patient safety: required and standardized education and training of pharmacy technicians.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The investigative report by ABC News created buzz for the network, but hopefully, this will serve as a wake-up call for the pharmacy profession. Pharmacy technicians are a critical part of the pharmacy team, and for them to be efficient and effective team members, standardized education is necessary. NPTA intends to work with state pharmacy boards, employers, pharmacy associations, accrediting agencies, educators and practitioners, to further discuss the regulation of standardized pharmacy technician training.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;NPTA also invites you to comment on this issue.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</itunes:summary>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/450/</guid>
			<author>Kristina Michel</author>
			<pubDate>Fri, 05 Mar 2010 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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		<item>

			<category>Articles</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/447/</link>
			<title>FDA, NIH Join Forces</title>
			<description>&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/attachments/wysiwyg/47260/FDA_NIH_100.jpg&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;146&quot; /&gt;In hopes of accelerating the approval process of new and emerging medication therapies, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;FDA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nih.gov/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;National Institutes of Health&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; are officially teaming up for the first time to form a joint leadership council.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Joint NIH-FDA Leadership Council&lt;/span&gt; will be a committee of six of the top scientists from both agencies and co-chaired by Dr. Francis Collins, head of the NIH, and Dr. Peggy Hamburg, head of the FDA. Dr. Collins and Dr. Hamburg were the ones who proposed the creation of the council. The council will work to improve the efficiency and speed of the research and regulatory process of advancing new drugs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8220;The first step for many medicines on their way to our pharmacy shelves is a discovery in an NIH-funded laboratory. The last step for all of them is a careful analysis at the FDA,&amp;#8221; said HHS Secretary &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Kathleen Sebelius, who announced the new partnership last week at a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/ScienceResearch/SpecialTopics/RegulatoryScience/default.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;press conference&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Bethesda, Maryland. &amp;#8220;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;We&amp;#8217;re here today because we know we can deliver these treatments faster and safer if these agencies strengthen their partnership, working not just side by side, but also hand in hand.&amp;#8221; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The key focus of the new partnership will be to advance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; and develop testing technologies and other tools federal regulators use to analyze the risks and benefits of drugs being processed for approval. Better technology will help increase the speed and efficiency of the approval process and help pharmaceutical researchers and manufacturers release new drugs to the public faster. The FDA and the NIH also hope that direct collaboration will help drug developers better navigate through the regulatory process. Secretary Sebelius also hopes the partnership will help speed up the advancement of treatments in biomedicine and personalized medicine done through genetic mapping.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8220;Today, some of our most promising new treatments are based on emerging technologies like cell-based and targeted small molecule therapies,&amp;#8221; Sebelius said.&amp;nbsp;&amp;#8220;From early in development, basic researchers at NIH should be sharing information about these technologies with scientists at FDA to help them develop standards for safety and effectiveness.&amp;#8221;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;In addition to the formation of the new joint council, the FDA and the NIH announced that they will collectively be making &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;$6.75 million in grants available over the next three years for research on regulatory science. They are also planning a public meeting in the spring to encourage feedback from all parties involved in the research and development of new medicines and treatments, though an official date has yet to be announced. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;3-Mar-10 10:00 AM
</description>
			<itunes:subtitle>FDA, NIH Join Forces</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/attachments/wysiwyg/47260/FDA_NIH_100.jpg&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;146&quot; /&gt;In hopes of accelerating the approval process of new and emerging medication therapies, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;FDA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nih.gov/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;National Institutes of Health&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; are officially teaming up for the first time to form a joint leadership council.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Joint NIH-FDA Leadership Council&lt;/span&gt; will be a committee of six of the top scientists from both agencies and co-chaired by Dr. Francis Collins, head of the NIH, and Dr. Peggy Hamburg, head of the FDA. Dr. Collins and Dr. Hamburg were the ones who proposed the creation of the council. The council will work to improve the efficiency and speed of the research and regulatory process of advancing new drugs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8220;The first step for many medicines on their way to our pharmacy shelves is a discovery in an NIH-funded laboratory. The last step for all of them is a careful analysis at the FDA,&amp;#8221; said HHS Secretary &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Kathleen Sebelius, who announced the new partnership last week at a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/ScienceResearch/SpecialTopics/RegulatoryScience/default.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;press conference&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Bethesda, Maryland. &amp;#8220;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;We&amp;#8217;re here today because we know we can deliver these treatments faster and safer if these agencies strengthen their partnership, working not just side by side, but also hand in hand.&amp;#8221; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The key focus of the new partnership will be to advance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; and develop testing technologies and other tools federal regulators use to analyze the risks and benefits of drugs being processed for approval. Better technology will help increase the speed and efficiency of the approval process and help pharmaceutical researchers and manufacturers release new drugs to the public faster. The FDA and the NIH also hope that direct collaboration will help drug developers better navigate through the regulatory process. Secretary Sebelius also hopes the partnership will help speed up the advancement of treatments in biomedicine and personalized medicine done through genetic mapping.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8220;Today, some of our most promising new treatments are based on emerging technologies like cell-based and targeted small molecule therapies,&amp;#8221; Sebelius said.&amp;nbsp;&amp;#8220;From early in development, basic researchers at NIH should be sharing information about these technologies with scientists at FDA to help them develop standards for safety and effectiveness.&amp;#8221;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;In addition to the formation of the new joint council, the FDA and the NIH announced that they will collectively be making &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;$6.75 million in grants available over the next three years for research on regulatory science. They are also planning a public meeting in the spring to encourage feedback from all parties involved in the research and development of new medicines and treatments, though an official date has yet to be announced. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</itunes:summary>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/447/</guid>
			<author>Kristina Michel</author>
			<pubDate>Wed, 03 Mar 2010 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>Articles</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/432/</link>
			<title>Diabetes Med Stinks, Literally</title>
			<description>&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/attachments/wysiwyg/47260/metformin.JPG&quot; width=&quot;159&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;99&quot; /&gt;A new report in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.annals.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Annals of Internal Medicine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; medical journal suggests that a pungent fishy odor may be what&amp;#8217;s turning some diabetes patients away from the oral drug metformin. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/glucophage.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Metformin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;, also known as glucophage, is often the first choice of treatment for people with Type 2 diabetes. Nausea and gastrointestinal upset are the side effects most commonly associated with the drug. Researchers at the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Medical College of Georgia in Augusta and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rx.uga.edu/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;University of Georgia College of Pharmacy in Athens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; suggested that the fishy, dirty socks odor patients have complained about on Internet forums may be contributing to the drug's adverse side effects and is causing some patients to discontinue its use.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;The side effects alone have been documented in consumer reports and medical journals. However, no direct correlation currently exists between the smell of metformin and the side effects, and though complaints of the smell are present on Internet messaging boards, they have not been documented in medical journals until now. Allen Pelletier, MD, of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mcg.edu/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Medical College of Georgia in Augusta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; and colleagues suggested in the paper that the reason why the smell has gone undocumented for so long is that patients, when complaining to doctors and pharmacists, are not elaborating on the adverse effects of metformin past their physical symptoms.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;Our cases show that the distinctive odor of metformin (independent of other, well-known gastrointestinal adverse effects of the medication) causes patients to stop taking the drug,&quot; Pelletier and colleagues wrote. &quot;Patients may report that metformin nauseates them but do not further elaborate or distinguish this as a visceral reaction to the smell of the drug.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;The odor is not universally reported by consumers, and the smell may largely depend on where and how the drug is manufactured. For example, in one case reported in the research paper and highlighted in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE61E54H20100215?feedType=nl&amp;amp;feedName=ushealth1100&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Reuters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;, a man had been taking brand-name metformin (glucophage, made by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bms.com/pages/default.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Bristol-Myers Squibb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;) for years before he was switched to an immediate release, generic version. It was not until he switched to the generic version that he noticed the smell and refused to take the drug.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;When prescribed appropriately, metformin causes few adverse effects. It is also one of the few anti-diabetic drugs that does not cause hypoglycemia if used alone.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;17-Feb-10 10:00 AM
</description>
			<itunes:subtitle>Diabetes Med Stinks, Literally</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/attachments/wysiwyg/47260/metformin.JPG&quot; width=&quot;159&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;99&quot; /&gt;A new report in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.annals.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Annals of Internal Medicine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; medical journal suggests that a pungent fishy odor may be what&amp;#8217;s turning some diabetes patients away from the oral drug metformin. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.drugs.com/glucophage.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Metformin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;, also known as glucophage, is often the first choice of treatment for people with Type 2 diabetes. Nausea and gastrointestinal upset are the side effects most commonly associated with the drug. Researchers at the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Medical College of Georgia in Augusta and the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rx.uga.edu/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;University of Georgia College of Pharmacy in Athens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; suggested that the fishy, dirty socks odor patients have complained about on Internet forums may be contributing to the drug's adverse side effects and is causing some patients to discontinue its use.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;The side effects alone have been documented in consumer reports and medical journals. However, no direct correlation currently exists between the smell of metformin and the side effects, and though complaints of the smell are present on Internet messaging boards, they have not been documented in medical journals until now. Allen Pelletier, MD, of the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mcg.edu/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Medical College of Georgia in Augusta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; and colleagues suggested in the paper that the reason why the smell has gone undocumented for so long is that patients, when complaining to doctors and pharmacists, are not elaborating on the adverse effects of metformin past their physical symptoms.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;Our cases show that the distinctive odor of metformin (independent of other, well-known gastrointestinal adverse effects of the medication) causes patients to stop taking the drug,&quot; Pelletier and colleagues wrote. &quot;Patients may report that metformin nauseates them but do not further elaborate or distinguish this as a visceral reaction to the smell of the drug.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;The odor is not universally reported by consumers, and the smell may largely depend on where and how the drug is manufactured. For example, in one case reported in the research paper and highlighted in &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE61E54H20100215?feedType=nl&amp;amp;feedName=ushealth1100&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Reuters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;, a man had been taking brand-name metformin (glucophage, made by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bms.com/pages/default.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Bristol-Myers Squibb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;) for years before he was switched to an immediate release, generic version. It was not until he switched to the generic version that he noticed the smell and refused to take the drug.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;When prescribed appropriately, metformin causes few adverse effects. It is also one of the few anti-diabetic drugs that does not cause hypoglycemia if used alone.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;</itunes:summary>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/432/</guid>
			<author>Kristina Michel</author>
			<pubDate>Wed, 17 Feb 2010 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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		<item>

			<category>Articles</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/431/</link>
			<title>Walgreens Will Buy Duane Reade</title>
			<description>&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/attachments/wysiwyg/47260/Walgreensduanereade.PNG&quot; width=&quot;191&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;116&quot; /&gt;Walgreens has agreed to buy the New York City retail pharmacy chain Duane Reade in a $1.1 billion deal reached on Wednesday.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;In addition to the $623 million Walgreens has agreed to pay, it will also be assuming Duane Reade&amp;#8217;s $457 million debt. In a statement to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/17/walgreens-to-buy-duane-reade-for-1-1-billion/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;New York Times&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, Walgreens chief executive Gregory D. Wasson called the deal a strategic acquisition that would help expand operations in New York.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Walgreens would be acquiring the retail pharmacy chain from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oakhillcapital.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Oak Hill Capital Partners&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, a private equity firm that purchased Duane Reade in 2004. Walgreens has not decided how it will integrate the Duane Reade stores, but it said that the Duane Reade stores will keep their name after the deal closes. The deal is expected to become final on August 31.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.walgreens.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Walgreens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; currently owns about 7,034 drugstores operating across all 50 states, making it the largest retail drugstore chain in the U.S. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.duanereade.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Duane Reade&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, founded in 1960, has 257 stores operating in the New York City metropolitan area. It is known for its high volume, small store layouts in densely populated regions of Manhattan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;17-Feb-10 10:00 AM
</description>
			<itunes:subtitle>Walgreens Will Buy Duane Reade</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/attachments/wysiwyg/47260/Walgreensduanereade.PNG&quot; width=&quot;191&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;116&quot; /&gt;Walgreens has agreed to buy the New York City retail pharmacy chain Duane Reade in a $1.1 billion deal reached on Wednesday.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;In addition to the $623 million Walgreens has agreed to pay, it will also be assuming Duane Reade&amp;#8217;s $457 million debt. In a statement to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/17/walgreens-to-buy-duane-reade-for-1-1-billion/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;New York Times&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, Walgreens chief executive Gregory D. Wasson called the deal a strategic acquisition that would help expand operations in New York.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Walgreens would be acquiring the retail pharmacy chain from &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.oakhillcapital.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Oak Hill Capital Partners&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, a private equity firm that purchased Duane Reade in 2004. Walgreens has not decided how it will integrate the Duane Reade stores, but it said that the Duane Reade stores will keep their name after the deal closes. The deal is expected to become final on August 31.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.walgreens.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Walgreens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; currently owns about 7,034 drugstores operating across all 50 states, making it the largest retail drugstore chain in the U.S. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.duanereade.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Duane Reade&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, founded in 1960, has 257 stores operating in the New York City metropolitan area. It is known for its high volume, small store layouts in densely populated regions of Manhattan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</itunes:summary>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/431/</guid>
			<author>Kristina Michel</author>
			<pubDate>Wed, 17 Feb 2010 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>Articles</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/416/</link>
			<title>Crestor Approved to Fight Heart Disease</title>
			<description>&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/attachments/wysiwyg/47260/crestor_logo.gif&quot; width=&quot;178&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;126&quot; /&gt;The FDA has approved the cholesterol medication &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.crestor.com/c/home.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Crestor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; for as a preventative measure against heart attack and stroke.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Crestor, typically used to lower cholesterol and produced by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.astrazeneca.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;AstraZeneca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, has now been approved for use in patients who are at risk of heart disease but may not display symptoms. These patients, normally men over age 50 and women over age 60, are at an increased risk of heart disease and stroke due to large amounts of high sensitivity C-reactive protein in their blood. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8220;Not only is this approval a significant milestone for AstraZeneca, but it is also important for the patients who could now benefit from Crestor therapy under this approved indication,&amp;#8221; said Howard Hutchinson, MD, AstraZeneca&amp;#8217;s chief medical officer in the company &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.astrazeneca.com/media/latest-press-releases/Crestor_Jupiter_Label?itemId=8403283&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;news release&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;. &amp;#8220;This new indication adds to the significant body of evidence physicians use to evaluate Crestor as a treatment option.&amp;#8221;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The approval came following the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JUPITER_trial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;JUPITER trial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, a study involving over 8,000 patients with elevated amounts of C-reactive protein. In the study, Crestor helped reduce the risk of heart attack by 54 percent and stroke by 48 percent. The study was also found to reduce the amount of coronary procedures by 46 percent. The results were presented at the American Heart Association meeting in 2008 and published in the New England Journal of Medicine.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Crestor is already approved to lower cholesterol and to help slow the progression of atherosclerosis&amp;#8212;a thickening of the artery wall due to the buildup of cholesterol and other fatty materials. Under the expanded guidelines, patients must have both high amounts of C-reactive protein and one additional heart disease risk factor such as hypertension or a family history of premature heart disease.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;10-Feb-10 12:00 PM
</description>
			<itunes:subtitle>Crestor Approved to Fight Heart Disease</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/attachments/wysiwyg/47260/crestor_logo.gif&quot; width=&quot;178&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;126&quot; /&gt;The FDA has approved the cholesterol medication &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.crestor.com/c/home.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Crestor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; for as a preventative measure against heart attack and stroke.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Crestor, typically used to lower cholesterol and produced by &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.astrazeneca.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;AstraZeneca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, has now been approved for use in patients who are at risk of heart disease but may not display symptoms. These patients, normally men over age 50 and women over age 60, are at an increased risk of heart disease and stroke due to large amounts of high sensitivity C-reactive protein in their blood. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8220;Not only is this approval a significant milestone for AstraZeneca, but it is also important for the patients who could now benefit from Crestor therapy under this approved indication,&amp;#8221; said Howard Hutchinson, MD, AstraZeneca&amp;#8217;s chief medical officer in the company &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.astrazeneca.com/media/latest-press-releases/Crestor_Jupiter_Label?itemId=8403283&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;news release&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;. &amp;#8220;This new indication adds to the significant body of evidence physicians use to evaluate Crestor as a treatment option.&amp;#8221;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The approval came following the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JUPITER_trial&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;JUPITER trial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, a study involving over 8,000 patients with elevated amounts of C-reactive protein. In the study, Crestor helped reduce the risk of heart attack by 54 percent and stroke by 48 percent. The study was also found to reduce the amount of coronary procedures by 46 percent. The results were presented at the American Heart Association meeting in 2008 and published in the New England Journal of Medicine.&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Crestor is already approved to lower cholesterol and to help slow the progression of atherosclerosis&amp;#8212;a thickening of the artery wall due to the buildup of cholesterol and other fatty materials. Under the expanded guidelines, patients must have both high amounts of C-reactive protein and one additional heart disease risk factor such as hypertension or a family history of premature heart disease.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</itunes:summary>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/416/</guid>
			<author>Kristina Michel</author>
			<pubDate>Wed, 10 Feb 2010 18:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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		<item>

			<category>Articles</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/414/</link>
			<title>Dimebon May Help Treat Huntington's</title>
			<description>&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/attachments/wysiwyg/47260/finkbeinernature_cover.jpg&quot; width=&quot;121&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;126&quot; /&gt;A pill being researched for Alzheimer&amp;#8217;s disease may also have uses in treating Huntington&amp;#8217;s disease, U.S. researchers said Monday. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimebolin&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Dimebon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, also known under its generic name latrepirdine, is showing big potential for helping Huntington&amp;#8217;s patients i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;mprove their thinking, learning and memory skills, according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hdsa.org/research/news/dimebonarticle.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;a report&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; in the Archives of Neurology medical journal. A study involving 91 patients, done by Dr. Karl Kieburtz and colleagues at the University of Rochester in New York and sponsored by the pill&amp;#8217;s maker Medivation, showed Dimebon to have an impact on cognition and aging with minimal side effects. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Dimebon has been used as an antihistamine in Russia since 1983. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medivation.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Medivation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, a San Francisco-based biopharmaceutical company, had been studying in collaboration with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pfizer.com/home/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Pfizer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; the drug&amp;#8217;s effectiveness against Alzheimer&amp;#8217;s disease. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Medivation and Pfizer are now planning a follow-up trial to confirm the findings of the original study. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0819644120100208&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Reuters reported&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; that Medivation also has plans to begin trials of altered forms of Dimebon to test its effectiveness against other disorders such as Parkinson&amp;#8217;s disease, stroke and heart failure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Huntington&amp;#8217;s disease is a genetic brain disorder that slowly diminishes a person&amp;#8217;s physical and reasoning skills. Onset typically occurs between the ages of 30 and 50. According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hdsa.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Huntington&amp;#8217;s Disease Society of America&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, one out of every 10,000 Americans is affected by Huntington&amp;#8217;s. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Currently, there is no cure for the disease. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;10-Feb-10 11:00 AM
</description>
			<itunes:subtitle>Dimebon May Help Treat Huntington's</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/attachments/wysiwyg/47260/finkbeinernature_cover.jpg&quot; width=&quot;121&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;126&quot; /&gt;A pill being researched for Alzheimer&amp;#8217;s disease may also have uses in treating Huntington&amp;#8217;s disease, U.S. researchers said Monday. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimebolin&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Dimebon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, also known under its generic name latrepirdine, is showing big potential for helping Huntington&amp;#8217;s patients i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;mprove their thinking, learning and memory skills, according to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hdsa.org/research/news/dimebonarticle.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;a report&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; in the Archives of Neurology medical journal. A study involving 91 patients, done by Dr. Karl Kieburtz and colleagues at the University of Rochester in New York and sponsored by the pill&amp;#8217;s maker Medivation, showed Dimebon to have an impact on cognition and aging with minimal side effects. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Dimebon has been used as an antihistamine in Russia since 1983. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.medivation.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Medivation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, a San Francisco-based biopharmaceutical company, had been studying in collaboration with &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pfizer.com/home/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Pfizer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; the drug&amp;#8217;s effectiveness against Alzheimer&amp;#8217;s disease. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Medivation and Pfizer are now planning a follow-up trial to confirm the findings of the original study. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0819644120100208&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Reuters reported&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; that Medivation also has plans to begin trials of altered forms of Dimebon to test its effectiveness against other disorders such as Parkinson&amp;#8217;s disease, stroke and heart failure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Huntington&amp;#8217;s disease is a genetic brain disorder that slowly diminishes a person&amp;#8217;s physical and reasoning skills. Onset typically occurs between the ages of 30 and 50. According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hdsa.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Huntington&amp;#8217;s Disease Society of America&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, one out of every 10,000 Americans is affected by Huntington&amp;#8217;s. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Currently, there is no cure for the disease. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</itunes:summary>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/414/</guid>
			<author>Kristina Michel</author>
			<pubDate>Wed, 10 Feb 2010 17:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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		<item>

			<category>Articles</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/404/</link>
			<title>Bill Gates Commits $10 billion for Vaccines</title>
			<description>&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/attachments/wysiwyg/47260/GATES.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;163&quot; width=&quot;170&quot; /&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gatesfoundation.org/Pages/home.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Bill &amp;amp; Melinda Gates Foundation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; has committed over $10 billion to&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gavialliance.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; (GAVI)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; for the&lt;/span&gt; research, development and delivery of vaccines for children in developing countries.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Bill and Melinda Gates made their announcement in a press conference at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weforum.org/en/index.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; in Davos on January 29. Their goal is to provide vaccines for 90 percent of children in developing countries, which amounts to preventing about 8 million children&amp;#8217;s deaths in the next nine years. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&quot;Over the last 10 years, the success of both increased vaccine coverage and getting new vaccines out has been phenomenal,&quot; Bill Gates said.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The Gates have been a part of the GAVI alliance from the beginning. They had already donated $4.5 billion for this effort when the GAVI alliance began in 2000. Amazed by the progress in vaccine coverage for children, the Gates decided to more than double their last contribution to over $10 billion. Julian Lob-Levyt, the CEO of the GAVI alliance, was proud of the partnership's progress and personally acknowledged the Gates&amp;#8217; roles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8220;GAVI would not have been in existence but for Bill and Melinda,&amp;#8221; Lob-Levyt said.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Vaccination rates in developing countries have progressed dramatically over the past 10 years. For example, m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;easles deaths have dropped by more than 74 percent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, according to the GAVI alliance &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gatesfoundation.org/annualreport/2008/Documents/2008-annual-report.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;2008 annual report&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; color: black;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Melinda Gates said at the press conference that the lag time between the release of vaccines in developed countries and its distribution in developing countries has decreased, and immunization rates that had been declining in the past decade are now on the rise. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8220;We think the stage is set for extraordinary progress,&amp;#8221; Melinda Gates said. &amp;#8220;We think the stage is set to significantly step up coverage.&amp;#8221; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The GAVI alliance has big plans for vaccine progress in the next ten years. They plan to increase vaccine distribution for the rotovirus and pneumococcal disease, they are contributing to research and development of a malaria vaccine, and they hope to see the elimination of polio over the next decade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;3-Feb-10 2:00 PM
</description>
			<itunes:subtitle>Bill Gates Commits $10 billion for Vaccines</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/attachments/wysiwyg/47260/GATES.jpg&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;163&quot; width=&quot;170&quot; /&gt;The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gatesfoundation.org/Pages/home.aspx&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Bill &amp;amp; Melinda Gates Foundation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; has committed over $10 billion to&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gavialliance.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; (GAVI)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; for the&lt;/span&gt; research, development and delivery of vaccines for children in developing countries.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Bill and Melinda Gates made their announcement in a press conference at the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.weforum.org/en/index.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; in Davos on January 29. Their goal is to provide vaccines for 90 percent of children in developing countries, which amounts to preventing about 8 million children&amp;#8217;s deaths in the next nine years. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&quot;Over the last 10 years, the success of both increased vaccine coverage and getting new vaccines out has been phenomenal,&quot; Bill Gates said.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The Gates have been a part of the GAVI alliance from the beginning. They had already donated $4.5 billion for this effort when the GAVI alliance began in 2000. Amazed by the progress in vaccine coverage for children, the Gates decided to more than double their last contribution to over $10 billion. Julian Lob-Levyt, the CEO of the GAVI alliance, was proud of the partnership's progress and personally acknowledged the Gates&amp;#8217; roles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8220;GAVI would not have been in existence but for Bill and Melinda,&amp;#8221; Lob-Levyt said.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Vaccination rates in developing countries have progressed dramatically over the past 10 years. For example, m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;easles deaths have dropped by more than 74 percent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, according to the GAVI alliance &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.gatesfoundation.org/annualreport/2008/Documents/2008-annual-report.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;2008 annual report&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; color: black;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Melinda Gates said at the press conference that the lag time between the release of vaccines in developed countries and its distribution in developing countries has decreased, and immunization rates that had been declining in the past decade are now on the rise. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8220;We think the stage is set for extraordinary progress,&amp;#8221; Melinda Gates said. &amp;#8220;We think the stage is set to significantly step up coverage.&amp;#8221; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The GAVI alliance has big plans for vaccine progress in the next ten years. They plan to increase vaccine distribution for the rotovirus and pneumococcal disease, they are contributing to research and development of a malaria vaccine, and they hope to see the elimination of polio over the next decade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;</itunes:summary>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/404/</guid>
			<author>Kristina Michel</author>
			<pubDate>Wed, 03 Feb 2010 20:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>Articles</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/405/</link>
			<title>New Rules for Mental Health Meds</title>
			<description>&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/attachments/wysiwyg/47260/brainvu.gif&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;122&quot; width=&quot;122&quot; /&gt;The departments of Health and Human Services, Labor and the Treasury jointly released new rules they hope will make mental health and substance abuse medications more accessible to patients.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The new rules require employer health plans to offer the same level of coverage for mental health and substance abuse treatment medications as they would for other medications. Employers with less than 50 workers employed are exempt from the new rules. The rules are the result of the Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA), which was passed in 2008. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60S4Y720100129?feedType=nl&amp;amp;feedName=ushealth1100&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Reuters article&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, 150 million Americans are enrolled in company health plans. The joint-department released statement hailed the new law as a crucial step towards equality for consumers enrolled in company health plans.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8220;Today&amp;#8217;s rules will bring needed relief to families faced with meeting the cost of obtaining mental health and substance abuse services,&amp;#8221; said U.S. Secretary of Labor Hilda L. Solis. &amp;#8220;The benefits will give these Americans access to greatly needed medical treatment, which will better allow them to participate fully in society. That&amp;#8217;s not just sound policy, it&amp;#8217;s the right thing to do.&amp;#8221;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The new rules will become law as early as July 1 of this year. Until then, HHS and the departments of Labor and Treasury are encouraging interested parties to comment on the new rules. Interested parties can make comments on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2010pres/01/20100129a.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;www.regulations.gov&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2010pres/01/20100129a.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;HHS news release&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; has more information.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;3-Feb-10 2:00 PM
</description>
			<itunes:subtitle>New Rules for Mental Health Meds</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/attachments/wysiwyg/47260/brainvu.gif&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;122&quot; width=&quot;122&quot; /&gt;The departments of Health and Human Services, Labor and the Treasury jointly released new rules they hope will make mental health and substance abuse medications more accessible to patients.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The new rules require employer health plans to offer the same level of coverage for mental health and substance abuse treatment medications as they would for other medications. Employers with less than 50 workers employed are exempt from the new rules. The rules are the result of the Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA), which was passed in 2008. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;According to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60S4Y720100129?feedType=nl&amp;amp;feedName=ushealth1100&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Reuters article&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, 150 million Americans are enrolled in company health plans. The joint-department released statement hailed the new law as a crucial step towards equality for consumers enrolled in company health plans.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8220;Today&amp;#8217;s rules will bring needed relief to families faced with meeting the cost of obtaining mental health and substance abuse services,&amp;#8221; said U.S. Secretary of Labor Hilda L. Solis. &amp;#8220;The benefits will give these Americans access to greatly needed medical treatment, which will better allow them to participate fully in society. That&amp;#8217;s not just sound policy, it&amp;#8217;s the right thing to do.&amp;#8221;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The new rules will become law as early as July 1 of this year. Until then, HHS and the departments of Labor and Treasury are encouraging interested parties to comment on the new rules. Interested parties can make comments on &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2010pres/01/20100129a.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;www.regulations.gov&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;. The &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2010pres/01/20100129a.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;HHS news release&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; has more information.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</itunes:summary>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/405/</guid>
			<author>Kristina Michel</author>
			<pubDate>Wed, 03 Feb 2010 20:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>Articles</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/art/399/</link>
			<title>FDA Warns of Counterfeit Alli</title>
			<description>&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/attachments/wysiwyg/47260/ucm197859.jpg&quot; width=&quot;284&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;199&quot; /&gt;The FDA has issued a warning that a circulating counterfeit version of &lt;a href=&quot;http://us.gsk.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;GlaxoSmithKline&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8217;s over-the-counter diet pills Alli may contain the controlled substance &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;sibutramine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The warning concerns counterfeits of the diet &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;pill &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.myalli.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Alli&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;60 mg capsules (120 count refill kit). In a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm197857.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;press release&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; issued last week, the FDA warned that preliminary results from tests done by GlaxoSmithKline, maker of Alli, found that the counterfeit pills contain &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;sibutramine &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;in place of the product&amp;#8217;s active ingredient orlistat. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rxlist.com/meridia-drug.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Sibutramine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, also known as Meridia, is an appetite suppressant used to treat obesity. If improperly used without the advice of a licensed physician and pharmacist, it may lead to gastrointestinal problems, heart failure, renal failure and even death. Sibutramine can also interact in a harmful way with other medications.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Consumers began reporting the counterfeit product last year. So far, the counterfeit Alli has only been sold online, and neither the FDA nor GlaxoSmithKline has found evidence or heard reports that it is being sold through retail stores or any other means. The counterfeit Alli appears similar to the genuine product but with the following key differences:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The outer cardboard packaging on the counterfeit Alli is      missing a Lot code.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The expiration date on the      counterfeit includes the month, day and year; a real Alli expiration date      only contains the month and year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The counterfeit is packaged in a plastic bottle with a slightly taller and wider cap with      coarser ribbing than the genuine product.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The counterfeit has a plain foil      inner safety seal under the plastic cap without any printed words; an authentic      Alli seal is printed with the words &amp;#8220;SEALED for YOUR PROTECTION.&amp;#8221;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Counterfeit capsules are larger      than the genuine Alli and contain a white powder. Genuine Alli capsules contain      small white pellets.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Picture-by-picture comparisons of the real Alli and the counterfeit Alli are available on the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;www.fda.gov&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;FDA website&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; and GlaxoSmithKline&amp;#8217;s official consumer information page for Alli, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.myalli.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;MyAlli.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;So far consumers who have taken the counterfeit product are reporting stronger versions of the gastrointestinal-related side effects associated with authentic Alli. Consumers should only purchase Alli from reputable stores or their branded online stores, GlaxoSmithKline said. If you feel that you may have purchased the counterfeit product, please contact the FDA&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Office of Criminal Investigations (OCI) at 800-551-3989, or go online to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/OCI&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;OCI Web site&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;. If, for any reason, you feel you may have taken the counterfeit product, contact your local pharmacist or your personal physician immediately. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Pharmacists, pharmacy technicians and other health care professionals are advised to be alert and to report any suspicious products or customer complaints to the FDA's MedWatch Program at 1-800-FDA-1088.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;27-Jan-10 12:00 PM
</description>
			<itunes:subtitle>FDA Warns of Counterfeit Alli</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;/attachments/wysiwyg/47260/ucm197859.jpg&quot; width=&quot;284&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; height=&quot;199&quot; /&gt;The FDA has issued a warning that a circulating counterfeit version of &lt;a href=&quot;http://us.gsk.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;GlaxoSmithKline&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#8217;s over-the-counter diet pills Alli may contain the controlled substance &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;sibutramine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The warning concerns counterfeits of the diet &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;pill &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.myalli.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Alli&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;60 mg capsules (120 count refill kit). In a &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm197857.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;press release&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; issued last week, the FDA warned that preliminary results from tests done by GlaxoSmithKline, maker of Alli, found that the counterfeit pills contain &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;sibutramine &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;in place of the product&amp;#8217;s active ingredient orlistat. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.rxlist.com/meridia-drug.htm&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Sibutramine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;, also known as Meridia, is an appetite suppressant used to treat obesity. If improperly used without the advice of a licensed physician and pharmacist, it may lead to gastrointestinal problems, heart failure, renal failure and even death. Sibutramine can also interact in a harmful way with other medications.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Consumers began reporting the counterfeit product last year. So far, the counterfeit Alli has only been sold online, and neither the FDA nor GlaxoSmithKline has found evidence or heard reports that it is being sold through retail stores or any other means. The counterfeit Alli appears similar to the genuine product but with the following key differences:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The outer cardboard packaging on the counterfeit Alli is      missing a Lot code.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The expiration date on the      counterfeit includes the month, day and year; a real Alli expiration date      only contains the month and year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The counterfeit is packaged in a plastic bottle with a slightly taller and wider cap with      coarser ribbing than the genuine product.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The counterfeit has a plain foil      inner safety seal under the plastic cap without any printed words; an authentic      Alli seal is printed with the words &amp;#8220;SEALED for YOUR PROTECTION.&amp;#8221;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Counterfeit capsules are larger      than the genuine Alli and contain a white powder. Genuine Alli capsules contain      small white pellets.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Picture-by-picture comparisons of the real Alli and the counterfeit Alli are available on the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;www.fda.gov&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;FDA website&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; and GlaxoSmithKline&amp;#8217;s official consumer information page for Alli, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.myalli.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;MyAlli.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;So far consumers who have taken the counterfeit product are reporting stronger versions of the gastrointestinal-related side effects associated with authentic Alli. Consumers should only purchase Alli from reputable stores or their branded online stores, GlaxoSmithKline said. If you feel that you may have purchased the counterfeit product, please contact the FDA&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Office of Criminal Investigations (OCI) at 800-551-3989, or go online to the &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fda.gov/OCI&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;OCI Web site&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;. If, for any reason, you feel you may have taken the counterfeit product, contact your local pharmacist or your personal physician immediately. &lt;br&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Pharmacists, pharmacy technicians and other health care professionals are advised to be alert and to report any suspicious products or customer complaints to the FDA's MedWatch Program at 1-800-FDA-1088.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Copyright &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;#169; 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; NPTA. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt; All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #000000;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</itunes:summary>
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			<author>Kristina Michel</author>
			<pubDate>Wed, 27 Jan 2010 18:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cms/2044/</link>
			<title>***Home Page - NPTA Events</title>
			<description>&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff9900&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff6600&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff6600&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;IV Certification&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff9900&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333300&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/206&quot;&gt;Mar.22-23&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/209&quot;&gt;Apr. 12-13&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/210&quot;&gt;Apr.19-20&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/228&quot;&gt;May 3-4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/234&quot;&gt;Aug. 9-10&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/235&quot;&gt;Aug.23-24&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff6600&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #ff6600&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Compounding Certification&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/208&quot;&gt;Mar.25-26&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/211&quot;&gt;Apr. 8-9 &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/213&quot;&gt;May 6-7 &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/215&quot;&gt;June 10-11&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/219&quot;&gt;July 22-23 &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cev/220&quot;&gt;Aug. 12-13&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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			<pubDate>Wed, 10 Mar 2010 15:41:15 GMT</pubDate>
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			<title>**Home page Video**</title>
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			<pubDate>Tue, 09 Mar 2010 15:56:55 GMT</pubDate>
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			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cms/2045/</link>
			<title>***Home Page - Current NEWS</title>
			<description>    NPTA Responds to ABC News Report Discover NPTA Membership Drive FDA, NIH Join ForcesTech to Haiti Update Walgreens Will Buy Duane Reade New Rules for Mental Health Meds  more news...  Check Out the NPTA Blog HERE

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			<pubDate>Fri, 05 Mar 2010 20:57:57 GMT</pubDate>
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			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/discover/</link>
			<title>Spring 2010 Membership Drive</title>
			<description>         There has never been a better time to JOIN NPTA!     During the month of March 2010, NPTA is conducting our Discover NPTA - Spring 2010 Membership Drive.        To take advantage of this special offer, go to the NPTA Membership Application, select the special $44/Discover NPTA Membership Type and use promo code: DISCOVER        Here's how new members benefit:         Save 35% on membership dues.     New members can join for only $44...that's $25 OFF the membership fee for an entire year.             Receive a FREE gift     As an added bonus, new members will receive a copy of Mike Johnston's 2-disc audio resource package - Exploring Your Career Paths in Pharmacy. This four-part series provides insight on how to explore and evaluate 50 unique career path options for pharmacy technicians and provides a step-by-step plan for maximizing your career potential. This resource package retails for $29.             To take advantage of this special offer, go to the NPTA Membership...

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			<pubDate>Wed, 03 Mar 2010 19:47:39 GMT</pubDate>
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			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/osdetails/</link>
			<title>Program Details</title>
			<description> Eligibility Requirements  What's Included  Course Demo  Technical Requirements  Program Schedule  Course Syllabus  Pharmacy Externship  Tuition Fee/Payment Options  Enrollment  Why Choose NPTA?  State Requirements  National Certification            About the Career | About the Program | About the Courses | ENROLL TODAY | Questions: Call 1-888-247-8700 or E-mail        Eligibility Requirements  To be eligible to enroll in NPTA's Official Pharmacy Technician Certificate Program&amp;#8482; , individuals:     must be 18 years of age, or older;    must have a High School Diploma or GED equivalent;    cannot have been convicted of or plead guilty to a felony offense;    cannot have been convicted of or plead guilty to any drug-related offense.         What's Included  Your tuition fee includes the following:     access to online course content*    full support from NPTA course faculty    all required textbooks and educational resources       The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices...

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			<pubDate>Tue, 02 Mar 2010 23:01:02 GMT</pubDate>
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			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/enroll/</link>
			<title>Enroll for NPTA's Online Pharmacy Technician Certificate Program</title>
			<description>         The enrollment process has been made both affordable and convenient!         Determine which payment option your prefer.    Tuition list price is $2299.               Prepay Option = $1899 (Save $400)                Flex-Plan Option = $259 today + seventeen monthly auto-deduct payments of $120                   Select which enrollment method is most convenient for you - online, phone, fax or mail.            Print off a copy of the Enrollment Contract, fill it out, sign it, date it and fax it back to 888-247-8706.    An enrollment contract is required regardless of which payment option or enrollment method you choose.               About the Career | About the Program | About the Courses | ENROLL TODAY | Questions: Call 1-888-247-8700 or E-mail        Enroll Online       Prepay Option        Flex-Plan Option               Enroll by Phone    Prepay or Flex-Plan       1-888-247-8700            Enroll by Fax/Mail  Prepay or Flex-Plan      Enrollment Contract        

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			<pubDate>Tue, 02 Mar 2010 22:58:33 GMT</pubDate>
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			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/ce</link>
			<title>Online CE</title>
			<description>Note: If you are an NPTA Member - you already have a Username and Password established for the website. Your initial Username is your NPTA Member ID Number and your initial Password is your 5 digit postal code. After logging in, you may change either your Username and/or Password.  How Does Online CE Work? - click here      Course Title   Hrs.   ACPE #  Price   LAW       Regulations, Restrictions, and Resources: Federal Law and Pharmacy Practice  2  0384-0000-10-001-H03-T  FREE -Mem $10.00 -Non  YES      A Revolution in Family Planning and Reproductive Health:   The Availability, Safety and Efficacy of Hormonal Contraception   2   0384-0000-09-009-H04-T   FREE -Mem $10.00 -Non     An Overview of Swine Influenza A (H1N1)    1 384-000-09-004-H01-T FREE -Mem $10.00 -Non   Cannabis: Legal Issues Pertaining to Medical Marijuana  1  0384-0000-09-008-H03-T FREE -Mem $10.00 -Non YES  Stem Cell Research and its Implications on the Pharmacy Industry  2   384-000-09-005-H04-T   FREE -Mem $10.00...

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			<pubDate>Tue, 02 Mar 2010 21:45:33 GMT</pubDate>
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			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/press/</link>
			<title>Press</title>
			<description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Welcome to the NPTA Press Room. Here you can browse recent press releases and news surrounding NPTA and pharmacy technician news and issues. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;Reporters with questions should, or to set up an interview, please contact:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Kristina Michel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Communications Specialist&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;(832) 426-2685&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;&amp;#109;&amp;#97;&amp;#105;&amp;#108;&amp;#116;&amp;#111;&amp;#58;&amp;#107;&amp;#109;&amp;#105;&amp;#99;&amp;#104;&amp;#101;&amp;#108;&amp;#64;&amp;#112;&amp;#104;&amp;#97;&amp;#114;&amp;#109;&amp;#97;&amp;#99;&amp;#121;&amp;#116;&amp;#101;&amp;#99;&amp;#104;&amp;#110;&amp;#105;&amp;#99;&amp;#105;&amp;#97;&amp;#110;&amp;#46;&amp;#111;&amp;#114;&amp;#103;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;kmichel@pharmacytechnician.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;font&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/articles/search.asp?category=Press+Release&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/articles/search.asp?category=Press+Release&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Press Releases&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/articles/search.asp?category=Press+Release&quot;&gt;&lt;font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font&gt;&lt;a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/articles/search.asp&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Current News&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/articles/search.asp?category=Article&quot;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;font&gt;&lt;a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.pharmacytechnician.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;NPTA Blog&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;font&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://blog.pharmacytechnician.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;font&gt;&lt;a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Press Kit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;font&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;font color=&quot;#000000&quot;&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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			<pubDate>Tue, 02 Mar 2010 21:02:24 GMT</pubDate>
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			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/cms/1693/</link>
			<title>Membership intro</title>
			<description>&lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;/attachments/files/367/member_app_06.pdf&quot;&gt; Download this application to pay by check&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;../users/images/icons/filetypes/pdf.gif&quot; width=&quot;17&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; /&gt; Members Application&lt;/a&gt;

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			<pubDate>Fri, 26 Feb 2010 16:27:40 GMT</pubDate>
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			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/advertise</link>
			<title>Advertise - Media Kit</title>
			<description>From increasing market share to building professional relationships and impacting one of the most influential referral categories, the National Pharmacy Technician Association is the ideal marketing platform for reaching pharmacy professionals.   2010 Rate Card      1x  3x  6x  12x  18x    full page  5000  4500  3600  3240  2592    2/3 page  4000  3600  2880  2592  2074   1/2 page  3000  2700  2160  1944  1555    1/3 page  2000  1800  1440  1296  1037    1/6 page  1000  900  720  648  519    inside cover  n/a  6000  5500  5000  4500    back cover  n/a   n/a  6500  6000  5500    2-page spread  8000  7250  6000  5000  4500    insert/outsert *supplied  18000  15000  12000  11000  10000                 2010 Production Calendar       Drop Date  Ad Deadline   Vol. 11 Issue 1   2-26-10  2-1-10  Vol. 11 Issue 2   4-26-10  3-24-10   Vol. 11 Issue 3   6-21-10  5-10-10   Vol. 11 Issue 4   8-23-10  7-19-10   Vol. 11 Issue 5   10-22-10  9-6-10   Vol. 11 Issue 6   12-27-10  11-15-10   advertising...

</description>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/advertise</guid>
			<pubDate>Thu, 18 Feb 2010 21:16:30 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>Survey</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?27</link>
			<title>RxPO 2007</title>
			<description>Objectives: &lt;p&gt;Attendee feedback and comments only&amp;nbsp;allows NPTA and RxPO to better serve your needs at future events.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Release Date: 16-Oct-07 1:00 PM&lt;br&gt;Expiration Date: 14-Jan-08 1:00 PM&lt;br&gt;&lt;p&gt;Share your thoughts with us on RxPO 2007.&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?27</guid>
			<author>noemail@pharmacytechnician.org</author>
			<pubDate>Tue, 16 Oct 2007 18:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>Survey</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?20</link>
			<title>Peer Training/Education</title>
			<description>Objectives: What is the one thing you feel your coworkers need training in to make the pharmacy service better?
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Release Date: 5-Jul-07 9:00 PM&lt;br&gt;Expiration Date: 3-Oct-07 9:00 PM&lt;br&gt;Please complete the following survey by answering questions and then include your name, city and state. Select responses will be published in an upcoming issue of Today's Technician magazine.
</description>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?20</guid>
			<author>noemail@pharmacytechnician.org</author>
			<pubDate>Fri, 06 Jul 2007 02:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>Survey</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?21</link>
			<title>Peer Training/Education</title>
			<description>Objectives: &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Release Date: 5-Jul-07 9:00 PM&lt;br&gt;Expiration Date: 3-Oct-07 9:00 PM&lt;br&gt;Please complete the following survey by answering questions and then include your name, city and state. Select responses will be published in an upcoming issue of Today's Technician magazine. 
</description>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?21</guid>
			<author>noemail@pharmacytechnician.org</author>
			<pubDate>Fri, 06 Jul 2007 02:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>Survey</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?23</link>
			<title>Law Interest</title>
			<description>Objectives: Plese complete the following survey by answering the questions then include your name, city and state. Select responses will be published in an upcoming issue of Today's Technician magazine.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Release Date: 5-Jul-07 9:00 PM&lt;br&gt;Expiration Date: 3-Oct-07 9:00 PM&lt;br&gt;</description>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?23</guid>
			<author>noemail@pharmacytechnician.org</author>
			<pubDate>Fri, 06 Jul 2007 02:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>Survey</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?22</link>
			<title>Topics Request</title>
			<description>Objectives: &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Release Date: 5-Jul-07 9:00 PM&lt;br&gt;Expiration Date: 3-Oct-07 9:00 PM&lt;br&gt;Please complete the following survey by answering the questions and then include your name, city and state. Select responses will be published in an upcoming issue of Today's Technician magazine.
</description>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?22</guid>
			<author>noemail@pharmacytechnician.org</author>
			<pubDate>Fri, 06 Jul 2007 02:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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		<item>
			<category>Survey</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?19</link>
			<title>Consumer Survey</title>
			<description>Objectives: The goal of this survey is to obtain feedback from&amp;nbsp;consumers on NPTA's recommendations for improving patient safety through standardized regulations for pharmacy technicians. 
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Release Date: 6-May-07 10:00 AM&lt;br&gt;Expiration Date: 31-Dec-07 10:00 AM&lt;br&gt;Please complete the entire survey.
</description>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?19</guid>
			<author>noemail@pharmacytechnician.org</author>
			<pubDate>Sun, 06 May 2007 15:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>Survey</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?18</link>
			<title>Pharmacy Professional Survey</title>
			<description>Objectives: The goal of this survey is to obtain feedback from pharmacy professionals on NPTA's recommendations for improving patient safety through standardized regulations for pharmacy technicians.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Release Date: 2-May-07 11:00 AM&lt;br&gt;Expiration Date: 31-Dec-07 11:00 AM&lt;br&gt;Please complete the entire survey.
</description>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?18</guid>
			<author>noemail@pharmacytechnician.org</author>
			<pubDate>Wed, 02 May 2007 16:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>Survey</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?17</link>
			<title>CPhT to CPhT 8.1/8.2</title>
			<description>Objectives: &lt;p&gt;Select responses of this survey will be published in &lt;u&gt;CPhT to CPhT - Practical Advice for Pharmacy Technicians&lt;/u&gt; in Volume 8 Issues 1 and 2 of &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Today's Technician Magazine&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Release Date: 3-Apr-07 2:00 PM&lt;br&gt;Expiration Date: 2-Jul-07 2:00 PM&lt;br&gt;&lt;div&gt;1. Number and answer each question in the space provided.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;COLOR: red&quot;&gt;2. Please include your name, city and state to be considered for publication.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?17</guid>
			<author>noemail@pharmacytechnician.org</author>
			<pubDate>Tue, 03 Apr 2007 19:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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		<item>
			<category>Survey</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?16</link>
			<title>CPhT to CPhT Vol 8 Issue 1</title>
			<description>Objectives: &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Release Date: 23-Mar-07 1:00 PM&lt;br&gt;Expiration Date: 21-Jun-07 1:00 PM&lt;br&gt;Please complete the following survey by answering all four questions and then include your name, city and state. Select responses will be published in an upcoming issue of Today's Technician magazine.
</description>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?16</guid>
			<author>noemail@pharmacytechnician.org</author>
			<pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2007 18:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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		<item>
			<category>Survey</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?15</link>
			<title>CPhT 2 CPhT V7.4</title>
			<description>Objectives: &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Release Date: 2-Dec-06 3:00 PM&lt;br&gt;Expiration Date: 2-Mar-07 3:00 PM&lt;br&gt;&lt;p&gt;Provide your answer along with your first name, first initial of your last name, city and state....in each answer box to ensure that you are properly cited, if published in Today's Technician magazine.&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/sur/?15</guid>
			<author>noemail@pharmacytechnician.org</author>
			<pubDate>Sat, 02 Dec 2006 21:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>photos</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/photos/v/219/</link>
			<title>The witch.</title>
			<description>&lt;img src =&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/tpeople/wwwPharmacytechnician2_4.1/mikej/photos/219/DSC_0157-m.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br&gt;File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON. 
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			<itunes:subtitle>The witch.</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON.</itunes:summary>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/photos/v/219/</guid>
			<pubDate>Fri, 12 Mar 2010 03:58:03 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>photos</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/photos/v/218/</link>
			<title>The witch.</title>
			<description>&lt;img src =&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/tpeople/wwwPharmacytechnician2_4.1/mikej/photos/218/DSC_0154-m.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br&gt;File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON. 
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			<itunes:subtitle>The witch.</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON.</itunes:summary>
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			<pubDate>Fri, 12 Mar 2010 03:58:03 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>photos</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/photos/v/217/</link>
			<title>The witch.</title>
			<description>&lt;img src =&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/tpeople/wwwPharmacytechnician2_4.1/mikej/photos/217/DSC_0151-m.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br&gt;File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON. 
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			<itunes:subtitle>The witch.</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON.</itunes:summary>
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			<pubDate>Fri, 12 Mar 2010 03:58:03 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>photos</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/photos/v/216/</link>
			<title>The witch.</title>
			<description>&lt;img src =&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/tpeople/wwwPharmacytechnician2_4.1/mikej/photos/216/DSC_0149-m.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br&gt;File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON. 
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			<itunes:subtitle>The witch.</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON.</itunes:summary>
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			<pubDate>Fri, 12 Mar 2010 03:58:03 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>photos</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/photos/v/215/</link>
			<title>The biker.</title>
			<description>&lt;img src =&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/tpeople/wwwPharmacytechnician2_4.1/mikej/photos/215/DSC_0139-m.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br&gt;File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON. 
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
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			<itunes:subtitle>The biker.</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON.</itunes:summary>
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			<pubDate>Fri, 12 Mar 2010 03:58:03 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>photos</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/photos/v/214/</link>
			<title>The biker.</title>
			<description>&lt;img src =&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/tpeople/wwwPharmacytechnician2_4.1/mikej/photos/214/DSC_0135-m.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br&gt;File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON. 
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			<itunes:subtitle>The biker.</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON.</itunes:summary>
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			<pubDate>Fri, 12 Mar 2010 03:58:03 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>photos</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/photos/v/213/</link>
			<title>The biker.</title>
			<description>&lt;img src =&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/tpeople/wwwPharmacytechnician2_4.1/mikej/photos/213/DSC_0129-m.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br&gt;File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON. 
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
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			<itunes:subtitle>The biker.</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON.</itunes:summary>
			<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/photos/v/213/</guid>
			<pubDate>Fri, 12 Mar 2010 03:58:03 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>photos</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/photos/v/212/</link>
			<title>RxMike &amp; Laura</title>
			<description>&lt;img src =&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/tpeople/wwwPharmacytechnician2_4.1/mikej/photos/212/DSC_0121-m.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br&gt;File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON. 
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			<itunes:subtitle>RxMike &amp; Laura</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON.</itunes:summary>
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			<pubDate>Fri, 12 Mar 2010 03:58:03 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>photos</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/photos/v/211/</link>
			<title>RxMike &amp; Laura</title>
			<description>&lt;img src =&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/tpeople/wwwPharmacytechnician2_4.1/mikej/photos/211/DSC_0119-m.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br&gt;File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON. 
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			<itunes:subtitle>RxMike &amp; Laura</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON.</itunes:summary>
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			<pubDate>Fri, 12 Mar 2010 03:58:03 GMT</pubDate>
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			<category>photos</category>
			<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/photos/v/210/</link>
			<title>RxMike, the farmer.</title>
			<description>&lt;img src =&quot;http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/tpeople/wwwPharmacytechnician2_4.1/mikej/photos/210/DSC_0116-m.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br&gt;File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON. 
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			<itunes:subtitle>RxMike, the farmer.</itunes:subtitle>
			<itunes:summary>File uploaded by MIKE JOHNSTON.</itunes:summary>
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			<pubDate>Fri, 12 Mar 2010 03:58:03 GMT</pubDate>
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<title>Regulations, Restrictions, and Resources:Federal Law and Pharmacy Practice</title>
<category>Courses</category>
<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/courses/view.asp?courseid=326</link>
<description><![CDATA[Instructor: Dominic P. Decker, CPhT<br><br>

 The laws and regulations outlined and enforced by the United States government, at the federal, state and local levels, are often so integrated into the daily lives of the country&#8217;s citizens that they rarely pause to consider them or their implications. They may, perhaps, be routinely reminded of the importance of laws when listening to the safety information provided by flight attendants before an airplane can be cleared for takeoff and depart for its destination: &#8220;Federal law prohibits tampering with, disabling, or destroying any smoke detector in an aircraft lavatory.&#8221; Destroying a smoke detector for the purpose of smoking onboard the aircraft poses preventable danger to both the passengers and crew of the airplane as it increases the likelihood of a fire within the cabin. However, recitations of federal law can often seem mundane at best and confusing or complicated at worst to those without legal education or experience. It has thus becomes necessary to provide a comprehensive overview of the laws and regulations of the United States to those who are affected by them on a daily basis. The people in this group include not only those business professionals who are frequent flyers, but more importantly for the purpose of this article, the professionals who remain at work on the ground: pharmacists and pharmacy technicians.      In the introduction to his reference book Pharmacy and the Law, Carl T. DeMarco, B.S. Pharm., J.D. provides an overview of the law as it relates to pharmacy practice: &#8220;Society regulates the practice of pharmacy more than it does any other health care profession. Laws and regulations not only identify who is qualified to practice but, with incredible detail, define the place in which the practice is conducted; regulate many specific tasks that are performed; establish artificial time, quality, and cost parameters for the products dispensed; and, in some instances, even prescribe the content and format of information that may or must be communicated to a patient. There is little doubt that there is a high degree of interrelationship between pharmacy and the law.&#8221; It is thus the purpose of this article to expand upon the detailed and complex relationship between pharmacy and the law with the pharmacist and pharmacy technician in mind. An understanding of the law&#8212;not merely as a regulatory or restrictive component of pharmacy practice, but also as a resourceful one that can be used to protect both pharmacist and patient&#8212;is necessary for the effective practice of what has been called the most trusted profession in the United States.        As stated earlier, laws exist at the federal, state and local levels. In the third edition of Pharmacy Practice and the Law by Richard R. Abood, B.S. Pharm., J.D. and David B. Brushwood, B.S. Pharm., J.D., an overview of the legal system is provided. The authors state that the Congress of the United States, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives,creates laws that apply throughout the country and affect all of its citizens. The U.S. Constitution gives Congress the power to make laws which are &#8220;necessary and proper&#8221; to carry out the responsibilities invested in it. The U.S. Constitution additionally outlines the creation of laws at the state level. Abood and Brushwood state, &#8220;Under the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, states have the power to legislate in all areas expect those prohibited or given to Congress by the U.S. Constitution. As a result, state legislatures have very broad powers to pass laws to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public.&#8221; The state government also has the power to create smaller municipal divisions, such as counties, and delegate responsibilities to these divisions, among which may be the creation of laws that apply at the local level.           With respect to federal law and its relation to the practice of pharmacy, administrative agencies help to enforce the law and ensure that it is effectively working within its given context. Abood and Brushwood recognize that it is not possible for the state legislature to monitor pharmacists and pharmacies regularly given the other responsibilities to which it must attend. The following federal administrative agencies thus exist for the purpose of administering the law by promulgating regulations when it is not possible for the state legislature to do so:       &#183;     The Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), which is housed in the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), is responsible for reimbursement policies and procedures for pharmacies and other health care providers participating in the Medicare and Medicaid programs.        &#183;     The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), also housed in the DHHS, administers the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA).        &#183;     The Federal Trade Commission (FTC), in administering the Federal Trade Commission Act, enforces against unfair business practices and antitrust violations.            . The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) is under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Justice Department and administers the federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA).       For the purposes of this article, the administrative agencies of importance are the FDA and DEA. The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, administered by the FDA and ratified in 1938, is one of the sources for the federal laws currently governing the practice of pharmacy in the United States. The Controlled Substances Act, administered by the DEA and ratified in 1970, is another source which will be discussed in more detail because of its relevance to pharmacy practice. A useful outline of the FDCA is provided in Table 1, while an outline of the CSA is provided in Table 2.       As stated in Essentials of Pharmacy Law by Douglas J. Pisano, B.S. Pharm, Ph.D., the CSA is the &#8220;basis for all practice-oriented drug laws and regulations&#8221; and was created to &#8220;regulate the manufacturing, distribution, dispensing, and delivery of drugs or substances that are subject to, or have the potential for, abuse or physical or psychological dependence. These drugs are designated as &#8216;controlled substances&#8217; because they are controlled under the CSA.&#8221;           With the foundations for federal law as it relates to the practice of pharmacy established by the FDCA and CSA, it becomes helpful to present a schematic overview of how federal law applies in the pharmacy from the time a patient enters the pharmacy to drop off a prescription to be filled until that same patient receives the medication and leaves the pharmacy. Several of these laws and regulations will be familiar to those currently working as pharmacists or pharmacy technicians in contemporary practice settings, but others may be new or unfamiliar concepts that merit further discussion. Consider the following a case study that will present the function of the federal law at each step of the prescription filling process.            The scene: The patient, a 32-year-old woman, arrives at her neighborhood pharmacy. The patient has been released from the general hospital after breaking her wrist and carries with her a prescription for Percocet 5/325mg (oxycodone/acetaminophen) tablets. The patient presents the prescription to the pharmacy technician at the counter and asks if it would be possible to wait while the medication is filled. The pharmacy technician informs the patient that he will input the prescription information right away and that her estimated wait time will be approximately 20 minutes.               The law: Federal law requires that prescriptions are written in ink, in indelible pencil, or are typewritten. A prescription may be prepared by an agent of the prescriber, such as a nurse or administrative assistant, but must be signed by the prescriber in his or her own handwriting. Pisano states that a &#8220;prescription is valid only if authorized by a physician, dentist, podiatrist, veterinarian, or other registered practitioners who are authorized by the jurisdiction in which they are licensed to practice to prescribe controlled substances.&#8221; The signature of the prescriber indicates that he or she has authorized the prescription to be filled.           The following information should be included on the prescription for it to be considered complete:      1.   Date of issue      2.   Name and address of practitioner      3.   Controlled substance registration number (DEA number)      4.   Name of patient       5.   Address of patient        6.   Name, strength, dose, and quantity of controlled substances      7.   Directions for use and any cautionary statements required         8.   Number of times to be refilled      9.   Signature of prescriber      In the case of the woman waiting for her prescription for the generic equivalent of Percocet 5/325mg tablets to be filled, it is necessary that she provide a written prescription. Federal law requires written prescriptions for Schedule II controlled substances, such as Percocet. The law also mandates that prescriptions for medications in this class are non-refillable, that they are valid for a period of 60 days from their date of issuance for patients in long-term care facilities or patients who are terminally ill, and that they must be stored in a secured, locked cabinet or drawer within the pharmacy or dispersed throughout the stock of non-controlled substances in a way that would prevent their theft or diversion.         An oral prescription (a prescription called in by a physician over the phone) for a Schedule II medication is permissible in certain circumstances as outlined by the CSA. These circumstances are considered &#8220;emergency situations&#8221; that must conform to the following criteria to be considered valid:      1.   Immediate administration of the controlled substance is necessary for the proper treatment for the intended ultimate user.      2.   No appropriate alternative treatment is available, including administration of a drug that is not a controlled substance under Schedule II of the Act.          3.  It is  not reasonably possible for the prescribing physician to provide a written prescription to be presented to the person dispensing the substance prior to dispensing.      Pisano states that in an emergency situation &#8220;a pharmacist may only dispense enough medication to carry the patient through the emergency or until the patient can access the prescriber. The pharmacist must copy the information in proper form onto a prescription blank and write the words, &#8216;EMERGENCY AUTHORIZATION&#8217; on its face. A prescribing physician is required to mail or hand-deliver a written, hard-copy prescription to the dispensing pharmacy to cover the oral emergency supply of medication within 7 days. Pharmacists are required to attach this hard copy to the oral copy on receipt.&#8221;        The scene: The pharmacy technician assesses the written prescription and sees that all relevant and required information has been provided, thus making the prescription complete. The pharmacy technician proceeds to input the information on the prescription into the computer in order to generate a label for the prescription filling to proceed.      The law: Because the prescription is written for a Schedule II medication, and because the prescriber is not familiar to either the pharmacist or the pharmacy technician, the pharmacy technician checks the validity of the prescriber&#8217;s DEA number before submitting the prescription to be filled. The validity of the DEA number can be determined by using the following formula:       A DEA number begins with the letter &#8220;A&#8221; or &#8220;B&#8221; for physicians or with the letter &#8220;M&#8221; for those healthcare professionals who are mid-level practitioners, such as physician&#8217;s assistants and nurse practitioners. The leading letter is followed by a second letter that corresponds to the last name of the prescriber. These two letters are followed by a sequence of seven numbers. The first six digits of the DEA number alternate between odd and even positions. The seventh digit is called the &#8220;check digit&#8221; because it is determined by the preceding six digits. To calculate the check digit, add together all of the numbers in the odd position. Then, add together all of the numbers in the even position and multiply by two. Finally, add together the totals for the odd- and even-positioned numbers. The second digit of that total is the check digit. Pisano provides the following example of DEA number validation:        For example, using MJ3614511, the letter &#8216;M&#8217; represents the practitioner as a mid-level prescriber. The letter &#8216;J&#8217; represents the first letter of the last name &#8216;Jones.&#8217; The numbers are randomly generated and the final &#8216;check digit&#8217; is the number &#8216;1&#8217;. The formula is as follows:  1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th odd even odd even odd even check 3 6 1 4 5 1 1       Odd position:       3 + 1 + 5 = 9  Even position:       6 + 4 + 1 = 11 x 2 = 22                    22 + 9 = 31 (&#8216;1&#8217; is the 7th or check digit)&#8221;       With the validity of the prescriber&#8217;s DEA number confirmed using the formula above, the pharmacy technician submits the prescription for filling. An interaction screen indicates that the patient, who has previously filled at the pharmacy, occasionally takes Compazine (prochlorperazine) 5mg tablets for the treatment of nausea and vertigo. The pharmacy technician alerts the pharmacist, who recognizes a potential interaction between Percocet and Compazine and makes a note of this so as to counsel the patient when she receives the medication. With the pharmacist and pharmacy technician aware of this interaction, the pharmacy technician submits the prescription to be filled and generates a label.        The scene: The pharmacy technician retrieves the label from the printer and presents both the written prescription and the label to the pharmacist for filling. The pharmacist checks the written prescription against the label to ensure accuracy between the two. She then retrieves the Percocet 5/325mg tablets from their secured location within the pharmacy. The pharmacist counts and double counts the quantity of tablets to be dispensed, puts them in a vial and labels the vial.      The law: The CSA mandates specific requirements for the labeling of controlled substances. With respect to the commercial containers in which these substances are distributed by the manufacturer, the label must include a symbol designating its schedule. As stated in Fink, et. al., the symbol &#8220;must be prominently located on the label and must be clear and large enough to afford easy identification of the schedule of controlled substance without removal from the dispenser&#8217;s shelf.&#8221;   The symbols are as follows:           &#183;     Schedule I          CI or C-I       &#183;     Schedule II         CII or C-II      &#183;     Schedule III        CIII or C-III      &#183;     Schedule IV        CIV or C-IV       &#183;     Schedule V         CV or C-V        With respect to the prescription containers in which these substances are distributed by the pharmacy, the CSA requires that the following information be provided:       1.   Name and address of pharmacy       2.   Patient&#8217;s name       3.   Prescription serial number       4.   Date of dispensing      5.   Name of prescriber      6.   Directions for use       7.   Cautionary statements, if any, as contained in the prescription or required by law.        Fink, et. al. additionally states, &#8220;Schedules II, III and IV must also carry the &#8216;transfer warning&#8217; statement. This warning is as follows: &#8216;Caution: Federal law prohibits the transfer of this drug to any person other than the patient for whom it was prescribed.&#8217; &#8221;      As outlined by the CSA, a pharmacy registered with the DEA and regulated under this administrative agency must keep inventory records of all controlled substances within the pharmacy, a record of receipt of controlled substances and a record of disposal of controlled substances.        After conducting an initial inventory of controlled substances, the pharmacy must repeat this inventory every two years. Although it is not necessary to submit the inventory records to the DEA for review, the records must be retained by the pharmacy for a period of at least two years. The CSA requires inventory records to contain the name of the controlled substance, the dosage form, the strength or concentration of the substance per dosage unit and the amount of dosage units per commercial container or volume per container.  With reference to the receipt of controlled substances, DEA Form 222c serves as a record of receipt of Schedule II medications, while a commercial invoice serves as a record of receipt for Schedules III, IV and V medications.      With reference to the disposal of controlled substances, Fink et. al. states that a prescription is the &#8220;basic written record of controlled substances dispensed&#8221; and thus is retained by the pharmacy as a record of disposal. The CSA also requires that the filing system used should be such that controlled drug data are readily retrievable.        In order to ensure the inventory is accurate each time a prescription for a Schedule II medication is filled, a pharmacist may manually subtract the quantity dispensed from the total quantity on-hand, recording the new quantity on-hand and thus creating a perpetual record for inventory purposes.       The pharmacist from the example then places the Percocet 5/325mg tablets in a labeled vial with a child-resistant cap. According to the Poison Prevention Packing Act of 1970, substances defined as &#8220;hazardous household substances,&#8221; including most prescription medications, must be packaged for consumer use in a way that makes it difficult for children under the age of five years to open the containers. A notable exception to the Act includes sublingual dosage forms of nitroglycerin, which may be dispensed in packaging that is not child-resistant due to indication for which the medication is used. Additionally, a patient may request that the medications they receive from the pharmacy be dispensed in packing that is not child-resistant. This request is usually done in writing and retained by the pharmacy.         The scene: The pharmacist performs her final check of the medication, comparing the written prescription to the label and to the commercial container in which the Percocet 5/325mg tablets were stored. The pharmacist retrieves the note about a potential interaction with the patient&#8217;s Compazine 5mg tablets and offers counsel to the patient when she returns to the counter to pick up the medication. The patient pays for the medication and leaves the pharmacy, thus completing the transaction.         The law: In the event that the full quantity of Percocet 5/325mg tablets was not in stock at the time of the fill, a partial fill of the medication would be possible. Because the generic equivalent of Percocet is a Schedule II medication, the CSA enforces regulations in regards to partial fills. In order for the medication to be partially filled, the pharmacist must note the quantity dispensed to the patient on the face of the written prescription, and the remaining quantity must be filled within 72 hours of the initial fill. After 72 hours has passed, the pharmacist must notify the prescriber and cannot fill the remainder of the prescription. Instead, a new written prescription would be required from the prescriber. The pharmacy in the example does have enough of the medication in stock, so this is not an issue.       The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, known also as OBRA &#8217;90, contains a section entitled the &#8220;Medicaid Prudent Pharmaceutical Purchasing Act (MPPPA)&#8221; that significantly changed pharmacy practice within the United States as a result of its passage.  Pisano outlines the details of OBRA &#8217;90 by stating that it &#8220;requires that pharmacists must offer to counsel each individual patient or caregiver in at least the following ways:&#8221;       1.   The name and description of the medication      2.   The route of administration, dosage and dosage form       3.   Special precautions for the preparation, administration or use of the medication by the patient       4.   Common severe side effects, adverse effects, interactions and contraindications that may be encountered       5.   Techniques for self-monitoring therapy       6.   Proper medication storage       7.   Prescription refill information       8.   Any action that should be taken in the event of a missed dose.           Pharmacy technicians must therefore ask the patient if they have any questions for the pharmacist regarding their medications and pharmacists must offer their counsel. The extent to which the information must be shared with the patient varies according to individual circumstances. In the example, because the pharmacist noticed a potential interaction between the medication that had just been filled and a medication the patient had previously taken, counsel should be offered.       The prescribing information provided by the FDA on Percocet 5/325mg tablets states, &#8220;Patients receiving CNS [Central Nervous System] depressants such as other opioid analgesics, general anesthetics, phenothiazines, other tranquilizers, centrally-acting anti-emetics, sedative-hypnotics or other CNS depressants (including alcohol) concomitantly with Percocet tablets may exhibit an additive CNS depression. When such combined therapy is contemplated, the dose of one or both agents should be reduced.&#8221; Because the patient has also taken Compazine 5mg tablets (a medication which is a phenothiazine derivative), the pharmacist should point out the interaction between the two and the possible side effects of taking both medications concurrently. The pharmacist in the example would likely inform the patient to refrain from taking the Compazine until the Percocet regimen was complete, and would also suggest that the patient talk to her physician if complications arise.        From the case study provided of the 32-year-old woman coming into the pharmacy to fill a prescription for Percocet 5/325mg tablets because of pain suffered from a broken wrist, the role of the federal law as it relates to the practice of pharmacy becomes evident. From the time the prescription is given to the pharmacy technician for input and processing to the pharmacist&#8217;s final check to the counsel offered to the patient before she leaves, the law presents itself as complex, and often complicated. However, even those without legal education or experience must understand how the law functions and appreciate the role it plays in protecting the health, safety and welfare of the public. Whether the law prohibits destroying smoke detectors in an airplane lavatory or transferring a drug to a person other than the patient for whom it was prescribed, it defines all aspects of society. While the law restricts and regulates, it also ultimately serves as an essential resource for the patient, pharmacy technician and pharmacist.     Table 1: Summary of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938      1.   The manufacturing, processing, packaging and holding of drugs comply with the Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMP) set by the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA).      2.   The FDA enforces it.      3.   Over-the-counter [OTC] (non-prescription) drugs be labeled for safe use by consumers in self-medication.      4.   Prescription drugs be dispensed to an individual only pursuant to a prescription or administered directly by the physician or other authorized prescriber.      5.   Drug prescriptions be refilled only as authorized by a physician or other authorized prescriber.      6.   Specific labeling be used for both prescription and non-prescription drugs.      7.   Dispensing a drug for distribution in violation of the Act&#8217;s labeling requirements is &#8220;misbranding&#8221; the drug.      8.   Drugs containing filthy, putrid and decomposed substances and drugs packed and held under unsanitary conditions be deemed &#8220;adulterated.&#8221;      9.   Seizures of misbranded or adulterated drugs can be made by the FDA.      10. A first offense committed under the Act is a misdemeanor unless it is committed with the intention to defraud or mislead. A second offense carries a felony penalty.      11. Interpretations of the Act show that lack of knowledge or lack of criminal intent will not excuse a violation.      12. An employer or other responsible person may be prosecuted for violations of the Act committed by an employee.      13. FDA has broad inspection powers over factories, warehouses and establishments where drugs, food, medical devices and cosmetics are made or processed.      14. The FDA is authorized to perform limited inspection of pharmacies in certain circumstances.      15. Manufacturers or processors of drugs must register with the FDA.       Source: Pharmacy Law Digest, 35th ed., Fink, et. al.      Table 2: Summary of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970       The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 (CSA) is summarized below. It is designed to regulate pharmacy practice by requiring that:      1.   Drugs or substances that are subject to, or have the potential for, abuse or physical or psychological dependence are designated &#8220;controlled substances.&#8221;      2.   The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) is the regulatory authority of the Act.      3.   Control by the DEA is achieved through the federal registration of all persons in the legitimate chain of manufacture, distribution or dispensing of controlled substances, except the ultimate user.       4. The ultimate user is defined as the patient who is competent to use these drugs as prescribed by a practitioner, or the patient&#8217;s caregiver who administers them to an incompetent patient (i.e. the parent of a sick child)     5.The DEA is empowered by the Act to register all persons, businesses, and institutions that would conduct any activity that would involve controlled substances by issuing them a registration number, the DEA number, which must be renewed tri-annually.     6.   A closed-system of recording-keeping provisions that control and track the flow of controlled substances through the health care system is established by the provision that all registrants who order, fulfill an order, store, distribute or dispense a controlled substance must report this activity to the DEA and maintain their own records for a period of two years.  7.   The Act places medicinal substances in schedules (or classes) in descending order based on their potential for abuse, psychological or physiological dependence and their medicinal use. These substances include narcotics, amphetamines and barbiturates and are denoted by a &#8220;C&#8221; and a roman numeral in the regulations and literature and on manufacturers&#8217; containers.   8.   Scheduling provisions include prescription-dispensing limitations.  9.   There are five schedules of drugs as described by the Act.    Source: Essentials of Pharmacy Law, Pisano     Activity     Federal law does not outline the specific responsibilities of pharmacy technicians, instead leaving these regulations to be enacted and enforced on the state level, usually by the state board of pharmacy. Among these regulations is the pharmacist/pharmacy technician ratio, which defines the maximum number of pharmacy technicians that may be working at the same time under the direct supervision of a pharmacist. An article in USA Today entitled &#8220;Drugstore chains rely on pharmacy technicians&#8221; states, &#8220;Within the industry, there is no consensus on how many technicians a single pharmacist is capable of supervising while still ensuring prescription safety. At least 16 states have no limits, according to a survey by the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. Six others allow a 4-to-1 ratio of technicians to pharmacists. The remaining states have ratios of 2-to-1, or 3-to-1.&#8221;        In your experience, are pharmacist/pharmacy technician ratios helpful? What do you think an appropriate ratio would be for the safe and efficient practice of pharmacy? Does it matter whether or not the pharmacy technician is nationally certified? Should ratios be specific to each state, or should ratio requirements exist at the federal level? Articulate your thoughts to a colleague and allow them to explain their own thoughts to you.       References      Abood, Richard R. and David B. Brushwood. Pharmacy Practice and the Law, 3rd ed. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc., 2001.     Brady, Erik and Kevin McCoy. &#8220;Drugstore chains rely on pharmacy technicians.&#8221; USA Today 14 Feb. 2008. &#60;http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/health/2008-02-12-pharmacy-technicians_N.htm&#62;      Compazine Prescribing Information. Aug. 2005. Food and Drug Administration. 25 Jan. 2010 &#60; http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2005/010571s096lbl.pdf &#62;.      DeMarco, Carl T. Pharmacy and the Law, 2nd ed. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc., 1984.      Fink, Joseph L., Jesse C. Vivian, and Kim Keller Reid. Pharmacy Law Digest, 35th ed. St. Louis: Facts and Comparisons, 2000.     Percocet Prescribing Information. Nov. 2006. Food and Drug Administration. 25 Jan. 2010 &#60;http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/040330s015,040341s013,040434s00 3lbl.pdf&#62;.     Pisano, Douglas J. Essentials of Pharmacy Law. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2003.             <br>
]]></description>
<dc:subject>Course</dc:subject>
<dc:date>2010-02-26T14:00:00Z</dc:date>
</item>

<item>
<title>A Revolution in Family Planning and Reproductive Health: The Availability, Safety and Efficacy of Hormonal Contraception</title>
<category>Courses</category>
<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/courses/view.asp?courseid=325</link>
<description><![CDATA[Instructor: Dominic P. Decker, CPhT<br><br>

   Introduction   The advent of hormonal contraception used by both women and men for the purpose of birth control has revolutionized the areas of family planning and reproductive health. Prior to the development and release of hormonal contraception known as &#8220;the pill&#8221; in 1960, reversible birth control was limited to barrier methods alone. These barrier methods, intended to prevent pregnancy by physically impeding the movement of sperm into the female reproductive tract, include both female and male condoms, cervical barriers, such as diaphragms, and spermicide. In contrast, irreversible birth control, as the name implies, is permanent sterilization, which includes tubal ligation for women and vasectomy for men. Reversible birth control in the form of hormonal contraception is of particular relevance to pharmacy technicians and pharmacists working in contemporary practice settings. This article will consider the use, and potential for misuse, of hormonal contraception by both women and men to increase awareness about the safety and efficacy of these medications; and further define the role of pharmacy technician and pharmacists when dispensing these medications. It will also consider recent ethical discussions and debates regarding the dispensing of birth control and the existence of conscience clauses for pharmacists who are morally, ethically, or religiously opposed to methods of contraception.  Estimates from a report by William D. Mosher, Ph.D., and associates entitled &#8220;Use of contraception and use of family planning services in the United States: 1982-2002,&#8221; which collected information gathered from National Surveys of Family Growth (NSFG) in the years 1982, 1995, and 2002, state: &#8220;The leading method of contraception in the United States in 2002 was the oral contraceptive pill, used by 11.6 million women; the second leading method was female sterilization, used by 10.3 million women. The condom was the third-leading method, used by about 9 million women and their partners.&#8221; The statistics presented by this report reveal the increased use of hormonal contraception by American women and demand greater awareness on the part of the pharmacy technician and pharmacist dispensing birth control and offering counsel to women to ensure that therapy is consistent and effective.  Delivery Methods  Oral  The delivery methods of hormonal contraception available in the United States are currently the oral contraceptive pill (commonly referred to as &#8220;the pill&#8221;), transdermal patch (&#8220;the patch&#8221;), vaginal ring, intramuscular injection, and subdermal implant. In the article &#8220;Optimizing the Use of Oral Contraceptives,&#8221; by Diana G. Foster, Ph.D., the author states that &#8220;oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are the most common contraceptive method used by American women.&#8221; Understanding the mechanisms of action of OCPs, which contain one or more of the same active ingredients as the patch, ring, injection, and implant will thus provide insight into how each delivery method of hormonal contraception works within the body to prevent conception. A list of the different types of hormonal contraception available in the United States is presented in Table 1.  COCPs- Combined Oral Contraceptives  The most common form of OCPs is the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), which includes a combination of the hormones estrogen and progestin, which are found naturally in a woman&#8217;s body and synthetically exist in COCPs. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) states the COCPs &#8220;act by the suppression of gonadotropins,&#8221; or more specifically, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which are protein hormones necessary for fertility. The FDA statement continues, &#8220;Although the primary mechanism of this action is inhibition of ovulation, other alterations include changes in the cervical mucus (which increase the difficulty of sperm entry into the uterus) and the endometrium [lining of the uterus] (which reduce the likelihood of implantation).&#8221;  Although the packaging of COCPs varies depending on manufacturer and specific medication, most contain 28 pills to be taken over the course of four weeks, collectively referred to as a cycle. The pills for the first three weeks are considered to be &#8220;active,&#8221; that is, containing at times varying amounts of the progestational and estrogenic compounds. The pills for the final week are &#8220;inactive,&#8221; or placebo pills, containing inert ingredients such as lactose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized corn starch, and dyes as in the case of Ortho Tri-Cyclen&#174; (norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol), a frequently dispensed COCP manufactured by Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The inclusion of the prefix &#8220;tri&#8221; indicates that these COCPs are also indicated for the treatment of acne, which will be discussed later. Active pills are to be started on the first Sunday after menstruation begins; if menstruation begins on a Sunday, then the pills are to be started on the same day. Active pills are then taken at the same time of day during each 24-hour period for a total of 21 days, followed by inactive pills taken at the same time of day during each 24-hour period for the seven following days. At the end of the last week of the cycle, a new cycle begins and active pills are again taken.  An alternative to the 28-day cycle regulated by the types of COCPs mentioned above is Seasonale&#174; (ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel), an extended-cycle oral contraceptive manufactured by Duramed Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Barr Pharmaceuticals, Inc., that received FDA approval in September 2003. Seasonale&#174; contains 91 pills to be taken over the course of approximately three months. The pills for the first twelve weeks are active, while the pills for the final week are inactive. As with 28-day cycle COCPs, active pills are to be started on the first Sunday after menstruation begins; if menstruation begins on a Sunday, then the pills are to be started on the same day. Active and inactive pills should be taken at the same time of day during each 24-hour period. At the end of the last week of the cycle, a new cycle begins. This extended-cycle oral contraceptive effectively suppresses menstruation for 84 days, and then allows for menstruation to occur during the final seven days of the 91-day cycle. A woman taking Seasonale&#174; thus menstruates &#8220;once a season&#8221; (once every three months), hence the brand name of the medication. Seasonique&#174; (ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel), a variation of Seasonale&#169;, is also an extended-cycle oral contraceptive, but replaces the inactive pills with active pills containing the estrogen hormone.  When a woman elects to take an oral contraceptive and is comparing the risks and benefits of the 28-day cycle to the 91-day extended cycle, the FDA states that she needs to consider the higher incidence of irregular vaginal bleeding, but lower frequency of menstrual cycles, experienced while on the extended cycle. The available prescribing information for Seasonale&#174; states that irregular bleeding or spotting is likely to occur while on Seasonale&#174; and &#8220;may vary from slight staining between menstrual periods to breakthrough bleeding which is a flow much like a regular period.&#8221; The irregular bleeding experienced while on Seasonale&#174; occurs most often during the initial 91-day cycles and tends to decrease during later cycles. The FDA states that in a clinical trail comparing the 28-day cycle to the 91-day extended cycle, more women using Seasonale&#169; discontinued treatment (7.7%) because of bleeding problems than those women using the 28-day cycle oral contraceptive (1.8%).  Other Combined Hormonal Contraceptives  Transdermal Patch  Delivery methods of combined estrogen-progestin contraception are not limited to oral pills, but also include the transdermal patch, such as Ortho Evra&#174; (ethinyl estradiol/norelgestromin) manufactured by Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and vaginal ring, such as NuvaRing&#174; (ethinyl estradiol/etonogestrel) manufactured by Organon USA, Inc., a subsidiary of the Schering-Plough Corporation.  Ortho Evra&#174; transdermal system is available in two strengths, 0.02mg/24hr and 0.15mg/24hr. The patch, which has a contact surface area of 20cm2, consists of three layers: the backing layer, which provides structural support for the patch, the middle layer, which contains the active ingredients, and the third layer (release liner), which protects the adhesive during storage and is removed prior to application. Ortho Evra&#174; is used on the 28-day cycle. As such, a patch is applied each week on the same day of the week for three weeks, followed by a week without a patch in which menstruation occurs. Application guidelines established by the FDA state that the patch should be applied to &#8220;clean, dry, intact healthy skin on the buttock, abdomen, upper outer arm or upper torso, in a place where it won&#8217;t be rubbed by tight clothing. Ortho Evra&#174; should not be placed on skin that is red, irritated or cut, nor should it be placed on the breasts. To prevent interference with the adhesive properties of Ortho Evra&#174;, no make-up, creams, lotions powders or other topical products should be applied to the skin area where the Ortho Evra patch is or will be placed.&#8221; If a patch becomes partially or completely detached for less than one day, it should be reapplied or replaced. If it comes detached for more than one day, the patch should be replaced and the cycle for changing the patch altered accordingly.  Vaginal Ring  NuvaRing&#174; vaginal ring has an outer diameter of 54mm and a cross-sectional diameter of 4mm, is non-biodegradable, flexible, and transparent. It contains 11.7mg etonogestrel and 2.7mg ethinyl estradiol and releases, on average, 0.120 mg/day of etonogestrel and 0.015 mg/day of ethinyl estradiol when placed in the vagina over a three-week period of use. The ring must remain continuously in place during this three-week period for the contraceptive efficacy of the product to be maintained. At the end of the third week, it is removed for the final week of the 28-day cycle, which allows for menstruation to occur. According to available prescribing information, the exact position of the NuvaRing&#174; within the vagina is not important for it to work. Prior to dispensing NuvaRing&#174;, it should be stored refrigerated in the pharmacy (36-46&#176;F, 2-8&#176;C). After dispensing to the user, NuvaRing&#174; can be stored for up to four months at 77&#176;F (25&#176;C).  According to the clinical scenario, question - and evidence-based answer put forth by Suzanne Meyer, M.D., in her article &#8220;Contraceptive Patch and Vaginal ring vs. Combined Oral Contraceptives,&#8221; the author states that the contraceptive efficacy of the transdermal patch and vaginal ring is similar to COCPs. The author further concludes: &#8220;Compliance is better with the patch, but its use is discontinued more often than COCPs or the ring because of adverse effects. Vaginal ring and COCP users have similar rates of pregnancy, compliance, and adverse effects. However, vaginal ring users are more satisfied with their method of contraception than COCP users.&#8221; A comparison of available contraception, including both hormonal and non-hormonal forms, and the effectiveness of each is detailed in Table 2.  POPs - Progestin Only Contraception  Oral  In contrast to combination estrogen-progestin contraception, another available form of OCPs is called the &#8220;mini-pill&#8221; and does not contain a combination of hormones, but only the progestin hormone. Mini-pills are also referred to as progestin-only pills (POPs) and contain less progestin hormone than COCPs. According to the FDA, mini-pills such as Ortho Micronor&#174; (norethindrone), manufactured by Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., prevent conception by suppressing ovulation, thickening the cervical mucus to inhibit sperm penetration, lowering peak levels of LH and FSH during the middle of the cycle, slowing the movement of the ovum (egg) through the fallopian tubes, and altering the endometrium.  Injection  In addition to progestin-only pills, the delivery methods of this form of birth control also include intramuscular injection, such as Depo-Provera&#174; (medroxyprogesterone acetate) manufactured by Pfizer, Inc. and subdermal implant, such as Implanon&#174; (etonogestrel) manufactured by Organon USA, Inc., a subsidiary of the Schering-Plough Corporation.  Depo-Provera&#174; is an intramuscular injection, available in 150mg/ml and 400mg/ml strengths, that contains medroxyprogesterone acetate, a derivative of progesterone. The injection is administered in 3-month (13-week) intervals to women who wish to have an option for a long-term contraceptive. The FDA defines long-term in this instance as a period of time longer than two years. Concerns exist regarding the role the injection plays in the loss of bone mineral density, as it reduces serum estrogen levels and the body must accommodate. Thus, it is unknown if the use of Depo-Provera&#174; in adolescence and early adulthood increases the risk of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures and it is recommended that the injection be used only when other forms of birth control are inadequate.  Implant  Implanon&#174; is a sterile rod that is inserted under the skin in the upper arm. The rod, which measures 4cm in length and 2mm in diameter, contains 68mg of etonogestrel, a synthetic form the progestin hormone. According to available prescribing information, &#8220;The release rate is 60-70mcg/day in weeks 5-6 and decreases to approximately 35-45mcg/day at the end of the first year, to approximately 30-40mcg/day at the end of the second year, and then to approximately 25-30 mcg/day at the end of the third year.&#8221; The implant is removed at the end of the third year and replaced if contraception is still desired or not replaced if the woman wishes to become pregnant.  The Birth Control Health Center, a cooperative effort of WebMD and The Cleveland Clinic Women&#8217;s Health Center, provides an outline of why the mini-pill is sometimes used in place of COCPs. Progestin-only OCPs such as mini-pills, implants, and shots are good choices for women who:      Are breast-feeding. It is very low-dose and does not affect the milk supply. Breast-feeding further reduces the chance of pregnancy.    Need short- or long-term birth control that can be stopped at any time. (But it may take from 12 weeks to 18 months to become pregnant after a Depo-Provera&#174; injection.)    Prefer a form of birth control that does not interfere with sexual spontaneity.    Cannot take estrogen, including those who smoke and are older than 35; have long-standing, poorly controlled diabetes; have heart disease; have problems with blood clots; or have high blood pressure.     Have migraine headaches with auras [perceptual disturbances], or women whose migraines get worse when taking the estrogen combination birth control pills.    Have heavy, painful menstrual periods. Progestin reduces heavy bleeding and cramping.    Have anemia from heavy menstrual bleeding.    Have sickle cell disease. Women with sickle cell disease may have fewer problems from their disease when using the Depo-Provera&#174; shot.  ECPs &#8211; Emergency Contraceptive Pills  Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs), as available in the United States, are also progestin-only pills. ECPs were initially developed as combination estrogen-progestin contraception, also known as the Yuzpe regimen, and contained high doses of both ethinyl estradiol (estrogen derivative) and norgestrel (progestin derivative) taken twice at 12-hour intervals. Research suggests that progestin-only ECPs were just as effective as the Yuzpe regimen and, in fact, were associated with fewer side effects. An example of ECPs is Plan B (levonorgestrel), which is available as 0.75mg tablets and manufactured by Duramed Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Barr Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Plan B&#174; was first approved for use in the United States in 1999 and has since been approved for over-the-counter (OTC) use for women 18 years of age and older (August 24, 2006). The OTC approval has since been overruled, and Plan B&#174; is now available without a prescription to women 17 years of age and older as of March 23, 2009. OTC Plan B&#174; is available only when dispensed by a licensed pharmacist, who is available to offer the patient counsel on the proper use and potential misuse of the medication.  The approval of Plan B&#174; as an OTC has caused significant and ongoing debate, including claims that easier access to ECPs would result in an increase in high risk sexual practices, especially among teenagers. However, an article by Anna Glasier, M.D., and David Baird, D.Sc., in the New England Journal of Medicine entitled &#8220;The Effects of Self-Administering Emergency Contraception,&#8221; and several subsequent articles published on the same topic have confirmed that &#8220;making emergency contraception more easily obtainable does no harm and may reduce the rate of unwanted pregnancies.&#8221; To date, the American Pharmacists Association (APhA), the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the American Academy of Pediatrics have all supported the FDA-approved OTC status of Plan B&#174;. In a statement dated August 24, 2006, the APhA confirmed that it &#8220;applauds the Food and Drug Administration&#8217;s plan to use pharmacists to expand access to medications&#8221; and &#8220;supports the transition of suitable prescription drug products to nonprescription status when supported by studies assessing the safety, efficacy, and appropriateness of such drug products for OTC use.&#8221;  Plan B&#169; is most effective if the first of the two 0.75mg tablets is taken as soon as possible within 72 hours of unprotected sexual intercourse. The second tablet is then taken 12 hours after the first. The available prescribing guidelines from the FDA state that Plan B&#174; can be used at any time during the menstrual cycle and stress that it is not to be used as a routine form of birth control.    Learning Activity  Consider the recent FDA-approval of Plan B&#174; as an OTC medication available to women 17 years of age and older. Discuss whether or not you believe that greater accessibility to this medication for younger women produces positive or negative results. Do you feel that Plan B&#174; should be made more readily available than it is now, or should its availability be restricted once again? Articulate your thoughts to a colleague and allow them to explain their own thoughts to you.   Male Birth Control  Newly emerging research in the areas of family planning and reproductive health has shown that potential exists for male hormonal birth control. As in female hormonal birth control, efficacy is achieved through the use of a combination of hormones: in this case, testosterone and progesterone. Though progesterone works to suppress hormones necessary for fertility in both women and men, it can result in decreased male sexuality and sexual characteristics. To compensate for this decrease, testosterone would have to be supplemented, potentially in large quantities, to reverse the effects of the progesterone. Research is currently being conducted on using progesterone implants, coupled with testosterone injections, in the development of male hormonal contraception. Continued research and development in the coming months and years will potentially produce a male version of hormonal contraception and could benefit both men and women by allowing them to take equal responsibility in the use of contraception and prevention of pregnancy.  Administration  All forms of hormonal contraception should be taken under the direct supervision of a physician with the support of the pharmacist and pharmacy technician. Hormonal birth control is usually administered at the same time each day. The potential for decreased contraceptive efficacy exists when a woman forgets to take the pill, insert the ring, or place the patch within the recommended period of time. These cases should be evaluated by the amount of time that has elapsed since the last administration and responded to accordingly.  In some instances, this response may be to continue the administration of the hormonal contraception as normal, but in other instances, it may be to double up on or delay administration until a time recommended by the physician. In all cases, an alternate form of birth control should be used, such as female or male condoms, to prevent pregnancy.  Women should consult with their physician or pharmacist in the event they have missed an administration and are unaware of what to do. All FDA literature on hormonal contraception clearly states that the patient should be counseled that these forms of birth control do not protect against HIV infection, which can result in AIDS, or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).  Interactions  Hormonal contraception has the potential to interact with several different medications and can produce side effects that vary in severity. Contraceptive efficacy can be reduced when hormonal contraceptives are administered in conjunction with antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and other drugs that increase the metabolism of contraceptive steroids, possibly resulting in unintended pregnancy or breakthrough bleeding. The FDA states that examples of these medications include &#8220;rifampin, barbiturates, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, felbamate, oxcarbazepine, topiramate, and griseofulvin.&#8221;  Reduced effectiveness can also result when the woman is taking anti-HIV protease inhibitors or herbal products containing St. John&#8217;s Wort (hypericum perforatum). The prescribing physician should be made aware of all of the medications the woman has previously been on or is currently taking when deciding the correct form of birth control to use. The pharmacist and pharmacy technician should also be made aware of the woman&#8217;s previous and current medication usage to prevent adverse interactions from occurring. When a medication that reduces contraceptive efficacy has to be prescribed, as in the case of antibiotics used to treat infection, the woman should be informed of the potential for reduced effectiveness of the birth control and counseled to use an alternate form of contraception.  Physicians at The Cleveland Clinic Women&#8217;s Health Center have outlined the most common side effects associated with hormonal contraception. The majorities of these side effects are not serious and include nausea, weight gain, sore or swollen breasts, small amount of blood, or spotting between periods, lighter periods, and mood changes. The side effects that are more serious can be remembered by the word &#8220;ACHES.&#8221; The Birth Control Health Center states: &#8220;If you experience any of these, contact your doctor immediately. If you cannot reach your doctor, go to an emergency room or urgent care center for evaluation. These symptoms may indicate a serious disorder, such as liver disease, gallbladder disease, stroke, blood clots, high blood pressure, or heart disease.  &#8221; They include:      Abdominal pain (stomach pain)    Chest pain    Headaches (severe)    Eye problems (blurred vision)    Swelling and/or itching in the legs and thighs  FDA guidelines strongly advise against cigarette smoking, which increases the risk of serious cardiovascular side effects from oral contraceptive use, stating that the risk &#8220;increases with age and with heavy smoking (15 or more cigarettes per day) and is quite marked in women over 35 years of age.&#8221;  Other Indications  Hormonal contraception is also frequently indicated for conditions other than, but in addition to, the prevention of pregnancy. Some of the associated conditions that are treated with hormonal contraception include acne, cramps and bloating, regulation of periods, and mood changes/irritability. It is important to note that these conditions can be treated with hormonal contraception only in women who elect to take birth control, the primary indication of hormonal contraception is to prevent pregnancy. The treatment of acne, for example, is a secondary indication and has proven to be more effective than treatment with placebos in clinical trials conducted by the FDA.  Controversy  Although hormonal contraception has benefitted millions of people in the past several decades, it has not existed without significant controversy. The emergence of refusal clauses, more commonly referred to as conscience clauses, occurred after the 1973 Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade that effectively legalized abortion in the United States. The decision resulted in requests from healthcare professionals, such as physicians and nurses, to be able to exempt themselves from participating in medical procedures, such as abortions, to which they morally, ethically, or religiously object. In recent years, conscience clauses have been expanded to include pharmacists, who may exempt themselves from dispensing contraception because of moral, ethical, or religious objections. As of March 2009, the APhA notes that pharmacists in 11 states &#8220;have specific protections written into their state licensure laws and regulations or provided by state board of pharmacy interpretation that permit them to &#8216;step away.&#8217; In the majority of states, the question of whether a pharmacist may opt out of dispensing certain medications is addressed in the workplace by pharmacists and their employers.&#8221;  APhA states that it is the largest association of pharmacists in the United States, representing more than 60,000 practicing pharmacists, pharmaceutical scientists, student pharmacists, and pharmacy technicians. The official position articulated by the association with regard to conscience clauses for pharmacists is thoughtful, well-formulated, and should be considered the standard in contemporary pharmacy practice settings: &#8220;APhA recognizes the individual pharmacist&#8217;s right to exercise conscientious refusal and supports the establishment of systems to ensure patient&#8217;s access to legally prescribed therapy without compromising the pharmacist&#8217;s right of conscientious refusal. When this policy is implemented correctly, and proactively, it is seamless to the patient, and the patient is not aware that the pharmacist is stepping away from the situation. In sum, APhA supports the ability of the pharmacist to step away, not in the way, and supports the establishment of an alternative system for delivery of patient care. APhA policy does not support lecturing a patient or taking any action to obstruct patient access to clinically appropriate, legally prescribed therapy.&#8221;  The &#8220;Code of Ethics for Pharmacists,&#8221; which also relates to pharmacy technicians, is outlined in Table 3 and provides insight into the position expressed above on conscience clauses for pharmacists.    Conclusion  Further research and development of hormonal contraception for both women and men will continue to expand the areas of family planning and reproductive health with the goal of preventing unwanted or accidental pregnancies, reducing the number of abortions in the United States, and giving women and men more precise control over biological cycles and processes that occur within their bodies. The methods of delivery of hormonal birth control vary extensively, including oral contraceptive pills that have single and combination active ingredients, transdermal patch, vaginal ring, intramuscular injection, and subdermal implant. However, each of these methods of delivery functions with similar mechanisms of action that suppress menstruation and thus prevent conception.   Emergency contraception also falls within the category of oral contraceptive pills, but is administered in higher doses as soon as possible within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy. The risk for significant interactions with other medications and severe side effects resulting from the use of hormonal contraception demands that the physician, pharmacist, and pharmacy technician remain aware of the woman&#8217;s previous and current medication usage and potentially adverse habits, such as smoking.  As with all medication regimens, the strength, dosage, and administration of hormonal contraception should be under the direct supervision of a physician with the support of the pharmacist and pharmacy technician. Together with the physician, pharmacist, and patient, the pharmacy technician plays an essential role in the successful administration of hormonal contraception. With an increased understanding of the forms of birth control available and the different methods of delivery specific to each, together with an awareness of adverse drug interactions and side effects and sensitivity to the moral, ethical, and religious objections that can result from dispensing hormonal contraception, the pharmacy technician will be able to support the patient to ensure that therapy is consistent and effective.    Table 1: Overview of hormonal contraception currently available in the United States*          Table 2: Percentage of American women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year.      Table 3: Code of Ethics for Pharmacists  PREAMBLE  Pharmacists are health professionals who assist individuals in making the best use of medications. This Code, prepared and supported by pharmacists, is intended to state publicly the principles that form the fundamental basis of the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists.  These principles, based on moral obligations and virtues, are established to guide pharmacists in relationships with patients, health professionals, and society.  I. A pharmacist respects the covenantal relationship between the patient and pharmacist. Considering the patient-pharmacist relationship as a covenant means that a pharmacist has moral obligations in response to the gift of trust received from society. In return for this gift, a pharmacist promises to help individuals achieve optimum benefit from their medications, to be committed to their welfare, and to maintain their trust.  II. A pharmacist promotes the good of every patient in a caring, compassionate, and confidential manner.  A pharmacist places concern for the well-being of the patient at the center of professional practice. In doing so, a pharmacist considers needs stated by the patient as well as those defined by health science. A pharmacist is dedicated to protecting the dignity of the patient.  With a caring attitude and a compassionate spirit, a pharmacist focuses on serving the patient in a private and confidential manner.  III. A pharmacist respects the autonomy and dignity of each patient.  A pharmacist promotes the right of self-determination and recognizes individual self-worth by encouraging patients to participate in decisions about their health. A pharmacist communicates with patients in terms that are understandable. In all cases, a pharmacist respects personal and cultural differences among patients.  IV. A pharmacist acts with honesty and integrity in professional relationships.  A pharmacist has a duty to tell the truth and to act with conviction of conscience. A pharmacist avoids discriminatory practices, behavior or work conditions that impair professional judgment, and actions that compromise dedication to the best interests of patients.  V. A pharmacist maintains professional competence.  A pharmacist has a duty to maintain knowledge and abilities as new medications, devices, and technologies become available and as health information advances.  VI. A pharmacist respects the values and abilities of colleagues and other health professionals.  When appropriate, a pharmacist asks for the consultation of colleagues or other health professionals or refers the patient. A pharmacist acknowledges that colleagues and other health professionals may differ in the beliefs and values they apply to the care of the patient.  VII. A pharmacist serves individual, community, and societal needs.  The primary obligation of a pharmacist is to individual patients. However, the obligations of a pharmacist may at times extend beyond the individual to the community and society. In these situations, the pharmacist recognizes the responsibilities that accompany these obligations and acts accordingly.  VIII. A pharmacist seeks justice in the distribution of health resources.  When health resources are allocated, a pharmacist is fair and equitable, balancing the needs of patients and society.  Adopted by the American Pharmacists Association membership, October 27, 1994.    Source: APhA     <br>
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<dc:subject>Course</dc:subject>
<dc:date>2010-01-01T14:00:00Z</dc:date>
</item>

<item>
<title>Cannabis: Legal Issues Pertaining to Medical Marijuana</title>
<category>Courses</category>
<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/courses/view.asp?courseid=324</link>
<description><![CDATA[Instructor: Fiona Geiser, PhD., CPhT, CMA (AAMA)<br><br>

Introduction  Marijuana is a dried preparation of the crude flowers and leaves of the plant Cannabis sativa.  Although marijuana contains more than 460 active chemicals, the major active ingredient is (-)-trans-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinal (THC). The thirteen U.S. states that have decriminalized the medical uses of the plant Cannabis sativa are listed in Table 1.1-2 Most of the state laws allow for possession of one or two ounces of medical marijuana for patients with a debilitating illness that usually includes cancer, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, spinal cord damage, HIV/AIDS or chronic pain. The specific illnesses that qualify vary from state to state. For example, the Michigan law that went into effect December 4, 2008, also includes hepatitis C, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Crohn''s disease, agitation of Alzheimer''s disease and nail patella. Patients are required to be under the care of a licensed medical physician, and a caregiver may be designated to handle the marijuana.    Most states maintain a formal, confidential registry of its users. Rhode Island is the only state that recognizes other state registries through a system of reciprocity. States do not provide a source of marijuana and patients are required to purchase or cultivate their own supply. New Mexico amended its law in January 2009 to license non-profit dispensing facilities to produce up to 95 mature plants at one time.    Medicinal uses of the Cannabis sativa plant are difficult to evaluate since marijuana is a tightly regulated product and clinical trials are limited.  Dronabinol&#60;r&#62;, an oral form of the cannabis active ingredient, is classified as Schedule III and is prescribed as an appetite stimulant to decrease the wasting effects of advanced cancer and AIDS. Dronabinol&#60;r&#62; that is dispensed under a valid prescription is lawful. Dronabinol&#60;r&#62; contains synthetic THC formulated in sesame oil. Sativex&#60;r&#62; is a cannabis-based extract containing THC and cannabidiol. Sativex&#60;r&#62; (formulated as an oromucosal, buccal spray) is approved in Canada as an adjunctive treatment for the symptomatic relief of neuropathic pain that occurs with multiple sclerosis.       Cannabis and the Law  Cannabis is illegal everywhere in the world based on a 1961 United Nations treaty. 3  In the U.S., the Cannabis sativa plant is considered a Schedule I controlled substance under the US Federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA) in Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970.  A Schedule I classification means that cannabis has no accepted medical use, a high potential for abuse and a lack of accepted safety. The CSA prohibits and criminalizes all cannabis manufacture, possession and distribution.  Cultivating more than 100 cannabis plants is a federal crime with a 5-year mandatory minimum sentence. Pharmacists and pharmacies are required to comply with the CSA and any violation constitutes a federal offense subject to criminal prosecution and loss of DEA privileges.      Federal law prevails when federal and state laws conflict. When one law is stricter than the other, the stricter law prevails. Disputes between state and federal laws are decided by the U.S. Supreme Court. In 2001 and 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of the illegality of marijuana under the CSA. 4-5  Annual U.S. violations for marijuana exceed 900,000 arrests for cannabis possession and an additional 500,000 DUI arrests in which the offender had used cannabis. 6-7  DUI offenders can be incarcerated or placed on probation.        Safety of Cannabis  When the cannabis plant is smoked, THC is absorbed by the lungs and transported across the blood-brain barrier. THC then binds to cannabinoid receptors in the brain that regulate appetite, blood pressure, intestinal peristalsis, pain sensation and probably vision. Saturation of the cannabinoid receptors by THC is known to stimulate appetite, to lower fluid pressure in the eyeball and to decrease memory. Although memories already stored in the hippocampus are probably not erased, the ability to convert immediate impression to longer-term memory is decreased resulting in difficulty memorizing sequences of numbers and words. The National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) reported that postal workers who tested positive for THC on a pre-employment urine drug test exhibited considerably increased industrial accidents, injuries and absenteeism. 8  Heavy users of cannabis report that they fall behind in accumulating intellectual, job, or social skills; although cognitive abilities may be recovered once an individual quits using THC. Withdrawal symptoms from heavy cannabis use include irritability, difficulty sleeping, and anxiety.  Cardiac effects of smoked cannabis include tachycardia, hypertension, syncope, palpitations, orthostatic hypotension, stroke and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Cannabis smoke contains about 70% more carcinogenic ingredients than cigarette smoke. There are also dose-related impairments in cognitive and behavioral functions that may impair the ability to drive a motor vehicle or operate heavy machinery.  There is a growing body of evidence that suggests motorists, particularly younger drivers are more likely to consume illicit substances and drive rather than drink and drive. The proportion of drivers convicted of DUIs in Texas reporting a primary problem of marijuana increased from 42% in 1997 to 63% in 2007. 9 Furthermore, the lack of roadside detection of marijuana may be giving young drivers the impression that they can avoid apprehension if they drive having consumed illicit drugs rather than alcohol. In Texas, DUI offenders placed on probation must complete a state-approved DUI education program within 181 days.  About 75% of the DUI offenders in Texas (and nationwide) are male although DUIs involving females using cannabis have increased. DUI females entering treatment were found to be more impaired and to experience more co-occurring mental health problems than their male counterparts.    Thought and Discussion  Why do you think DUI females entering treatment were found to be more impaired and to experience  more co-occurring mental heath problems than their male counterparts?         Role of the Pharmacy   Cannabis remains illegal under the CSA and state-licensing boards can impose disciplinary action on pharmacies. Although cannabis may be legal in a particular jurisdiction, large amounts may be used as evidence of intent to distribute and criminalized accordingly. Under this regulatory environment, pharmacies are advised to not advocate cannabis use or to assist patients in obtaining it. Patients using dronabinol for medical applications should be advised to consult regularly with a physician and to drive with extreme caution. A systematic approach that pharmacies can follow in order to deal with the issue of medical marijuana includes:        Keep informed about local, state and federal laws    Know the risks, especially drug-drug and drug-disease interactions   Develop literature retrieval approaches to address drug information    Never recommend a source of cannabis    Never recommend instructions on how to grow or obtain cannabis     References      M. J. Seamon. The Legal Status of Medical Marijuana. Ann. Pharmacother. 2006 Dec. 40 (12):221-5   M.J. Seamon, J.A. Fass, M. Maniscalo-Feichti, and N. A. Abu-Shraie. Medical Marijuana and the Developing Role of the Pharmacist. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 2007 May 15:64(10): 1037-44.   See www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/csa.html (accessed 2009 June 7).   Gonzales vs Raich. 545 US 1 (2005). See http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/03-1454.ZS.html (accessed 2009 June 7).   United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative. 532 US 483 (2001). See http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-151.ZS.html (accessed 2009 June 7).   See http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2007/index.html (accessed 2009 June 7).   J. Copeland and J.C. Maxwell. Cannabis treatment outcomes among legally coerced and non-coerced adults. BMC Public Health 2007, 7:111.  See http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&#0038;pubmedid=17567917 (accessed 2009 June 7)   NIDA Research Report: Marijuana Abuse. See http://www.drugabuse.gov/DrugPages/Marijuana.html (accessed 2009 June 7)    J.C. Maxwell, J. Freeman, J. Davey. Too young to drink but old enough to drive under the influence: A Study of underage offenders as seen in substance abuse treatment in Texas. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2009, May 26. Epub ahead of print.        Table 1. Medical Marijuana Laws in the United States    State        Current Law  Alaska       Patients with a Debilitating Medical Condition must have a signed physician statement for possession of no more than 1 oz of usable marijuana and 6 marijuana plants with no more than 3 mature.     California     Patients with a Debilitating Medical Condition must have a signed or oral approval by a licensed physician for possession of no more than 8 oz dried and/or 6 mature (12 immature) plants.    Colorado     Patients with a Debilitating Medical Condition must have been diagnosed by at least 2 physicians for possession of no more than 2 oz of a usable form of marihuana and not more than 6 plants, with 3 or fewer being mature.     Hawaii       Patients with a Debilitating Medical Condition must have a written certificate from a licensed physician for possession of no more than 1 oz of a usable form of marihuana and not more than 7 plants, with 3 or fewer being mature.     Maine       Eligible patients must be under the continuing medical care of a physician for possession of not more than 2.5 oz and a total of 6 plants, with no more than 3 being mature.    Maryland     Allows a defense of medical necessity in criminal marijuana prosecutions. If successfully asserted, the maximum penalty of law is $100 fine and no imprisonment.    Michigan     Patients with a Chronic or Debilitating Medical Condition must have written documentation from their physician for the possession of 2.5 oz and a total of 12 plants, with no more than 4 being mature    Montana      Patients with a Debilitating Medical Condition must have a written certificate from a physician for possession of no more than 1 oz of a usable form of marijuana and not more than 6 plants.    New Mexico   Patients diagnosed with cancer, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, spinal cord damage, HIV/AIDS, or chronic pain may possess 6 oz and/or 16 plants (4 mature). Additional amounts may be authorized by a physician.  Other medical conditions are subject to approval by the New Mexico Department of Health. Non-profit facilities wishing to dispense medical marijuana are authorized to apply with the state to produce up to 95 mature plants at one time.    Nevada      Patients with a Chronic or Debilitating Medical Condition must be under medical care of a licensed physician for possession of no more than 1 oz of a usable form of marijuana and not more than 7 marijuana plants, with no more than 3 being mature.    Oregon       Patients with a Debilitating Medical Condition must have written documentation by a licensed attending physician for possession of no more than 24 oz up to 18 marijuana seedlings or starts.    Rhode Island  Patients with a Debilitating Medical Condition must have written certification from a licensed physician for possession of no more than 2.5 oz of marijuana and up to 12 marijuana plants. Pharmacists may discuss medical marijuana with patients. Patients cannot smoke in a public place. Qualifying patients and caregivers cannot be discriminated against in school, work, or home solely for registering. The program reciprocates with other state programs.    Vermont      Patients with a Debilitating Medical Condition must be under the care of a licensed attending physician for possession of no more than 2 oz and up to 3 marijuana plants, 1 being mature. The drug must be transported in a secured, locked container. Patients must not be under the influence in public.    Washington   State does not maintain a formal program. Patients with a Terminal or Debilitating Medical Condition must have valid documentation by a licensed physician that the potential benefits likely outweigh the health risks.  Patients may have a 60-day supply necessary for the patient's personal, medical use. Marijuana cannot be displayed in a public place.                 <br>
]]></description>
<dc:subject>Course</dc:subject>
<dc:date>2009-10-15T13:00:00Z</dc:date>
</item>

<item>
<title>Stem Cell Research and its Implications on the Pharmacy Industry</title>
<category>Courses</category>
<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/courses/view.asp?courseid=320</link>
<description><![CDATA[Instructor: Dominic P. Decker, CPhT<br><br>

 Introduction   A recent editorial piece in the New York Times brought stem cell research into the headlines once again as the bold letters Stem Cell Compromise appeared on the opinion page of the newspaper. However, the tone of this article was quite different, for after eight years of restrictions and bans on different types of research during the administration of George W. Bush, President Barack Obama has reversed several of these decisions and allotted federal funding to stem cell research.    The editorial piece brings to light the many dimensions of stem cell research: in discussing individuals and  organizations ranging from the former and current President to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It presents stem cell  research as an issue not only about politics or science, but also about ethics and morals.Herein lies the controversy that surrounds stem cell research: lawmakers, scientists, and even the general public are unable to reach a consensus on what should and should not be done with stem cell research because it can be viewed either individually or colelctively from each of these perspectives.    For the purpose of this article concerning stem cell research and the implications it has had, is currently having, and will have on the pharmaceutical industry, it is necessary to limit the perspective to that of science. Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, those professionals who are directly impacted by research and development in the pharmaceutical industry, come from all backgrounds and beliefs. These must be respected. However, science must also be respected and looked to for answers when and if information and technology are available and when and if the research is carried out according to ethical standards and guidelines. Thus, this article will address the following questions from a scientific perspective with the pharmacist and pharmacy technician in mind:    What is stem cell research?  What different types of stem cell research exist?  Why is there controversy surrounding stem cell research?  How is stem cell research used for pharmaceutical research and development?  What is the future relationship of stem cell research and the pharmaceutical industry?    To provide an online information center for stem cell research, NIH has developed a comprehensive website intended for anyone who wishes to learn more about the biological properties of stem cells, the important questions about stem cells that are the focus of scientific research, and the potential use of stem cells in research and in treating disease. Among those who can benefit from learning more about stem cell research are pharmacists and pharmacy technicians as the research and development focus of the pharmaceutical industry increasingly shifts towards the use of stem cells.    1. What Is Stem Cell Research?   Stem cells are different from other types of cells because of two unique characteristics: first, they are unspecialized cells that are able to regenerate through cell division, sometimes after long periods of inactivity. Second, they can be induced to become specific cells of tissues or organs under certain conditions. Because of these features, NIH affirms that stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. The ability of these unspecialized cells to regenerate and become specific cells of the pancreas or heart, for example, offers the potential for treating diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. The treatment of diseases with stem cells is known as cell-based therapy or regenerative or reparative medicine.    To realize the potential of stem cells in treating diseases, more information is needed about the biological structure and function of these cells, which necessarily leads to stem cell research. The goal of this research in the context of cell-based therapies or regenerative or reparative medicine is to learn how healthy cells replace damaged cells in adult organisms. NIH states that stem cell research is one of the most fascinating areas of contemporary biology, but, as with many expanding fields of scientific inquiry, research on stem cells raises scientific questions as rapidly as it generates new discoveries.    2. What Different Types Of Stem Cell Research Exist?    The type of research depends on the stem cells being used within the laboratory for experimental purposes. The two types of stem cells that have been the primary focus of stem cell research thus far are embryonic stem cells and non-embryonic somatic or adult stem cells. (See glossary for detailed definitions of the terms in bold)   Embryonic stem cells are defined as undifferentiated cells derived from an embryo that are capable of dividing without differentiating for a prolonged period in culture and develop into cells and tissues of the three primary germ layers of the blastocyst that has undergone gastrulation.    Somatic (adult) stem cells are undifferentiated cells of the organs and differentiated tissues that have a limited capacity for self-renewal and differentiation. Somatic stem cells are usually limited to differentiate within the cell types in the organ of origin, however more research is necessary to understand why this occurs.    Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), a third type of stem cells, were first reported in 2006. These somatic (adult) cells can be genetically reprogrammed to assume a stem cell-like state under certain conditions.    Due to the different nature of each of the three types of stem cells, research must be carried out accordingly and can vary in terms of how the stem cells are obtained, stored, and utilized and in what context and with what restrictions they can be used.    3. Why Is There Controversy Surrounding Stem Cell Research?    Stem cell research is an emerging scientific field in which there is remarkable potential for developing treatments for diseases, but there are more questions than answers. As with all fields where only a limited amount of information is known, criticism and controversy exist. This fact is evidenced by the editorial piece in the New York Times, which suggested that proposals made by the Obama administration with respect to federal funding of embryonic stem cell research were not bold enough and will continue to deny federal financing to some potentially promising research but were still a significant improvement over former President George W. Bush's rules that allowed federal support for work with only 21 stem cell lines already created from surplus embryos at fertility clinics. Another editorial piece in this newspaper, or any newspaper from around the country, could have stated just the opposite: that the proposals of the Obama administration were not in accordance with the moral or ethical standards established by those of the Bush administration and thus overstepped boundaries.    More than somatic (adult) or induced pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells appear to have the most potential for cell-based therapies or regenerative or reparative medicine, but also are surrounded by the most controversy. Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos, most of which have been fertilized in vitro in an in vitro fertilization clinic. The embryos from which embryonic stem cells are derived are donated for research purposes with the informed consent of the donors and are not derived from eggs fertilized in a woman's body.    The embryonic stem cells are isolated by transferring the inner cell mass of the blastocyst into a laboratory culture dish containing culture medium, a nutrient broth that allows for the growth and division of the stem cells after they have been stimulated to differentiate. NIH states that as long as the embryonic stem cells in culture are grown under appropriate conditions, they can remain undifferentiated (unspecialized). But if cells are allowed to clump together to form embryoid bodies, they begin to differentiate spontaneously. They can form muscle cells, nerve cells, and many other cell types. Scientists are thus able to control the differentiation of embryonic stem cells primarily by changing the chemical composition of the culture medium, altering the surface of the culture dish, or modifying the cells by inserting specific genes.    With a remarkable potential for use, embryonic stem cell research has also faced criticism and scrutiny from individuals and organizations because of where they have been derived. The question at the center of this debate is whether or not scientists should be allowed to create embryos in the laboratory for experimental purposes, or whether this research should be limited to embryos already existing through in vitro fertilization donors. This question was raised and challenged in the New York Times in reference to embryonic stem cell lines, which have been derived from embryonic stem cells cultured in in vitro conditions that allow proliferation without differentiation for months to years. Further understanding of embryonic stem cells as they relate to and contrast with somatic (adult) and induced pluripotent stem cells will provide a resolution to the controversy, but a substantial amount of work is left to be done.    4. How Is Stem Cell Research Used For Pharmaceutical Research and Development?    In a statement made by NIH director Harold Varmus, M.D., before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education and Related Agencies in January 1999, the implications of stem cell research on the pharmaceutical industry were made clear. Varmus stated that a practical application of research using these cells is pharmaceutical development. Use of human pluripotent stem cells could allow researchers to study the beneficial and toxic effects of candidate drugs in many different cell types and potentially reduce the numbers of animal studies and human clinical trials required for drug development.    A pharmacist or pharmacy technician familiar with the new drug application of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the several phases of trials that accompany this application and subsequent drug approval recognizes the benefit of stem cell research for pharmaceutical development. With specialized cells on which to test the effects of the medication, scientists would have the ability to target their research to specific organs or tissues to gain a better understanding of how the medication works within the body. As Varmus stated, stem cell research also has the potential to reduce the number of animal studies and human clinical trials by allowing these trials to be conducted on stem cells in the laboratory rather than on animals or humans, trials that are lengthy and expensive.    Another aspect of stem cell research that directly benefits the research and development in the pharmaceutical industry involves the accuracy and precision of the scientific experiments being carried out in the laboratory. Because of the often-uncontrollable variance that exists in animal studies and human clinical trials, the results obtained from research may not always reflect the correct conclusion that should be drawn from such trials. NIH states that to screen drugs effectively, the conditions must be identical when comparing different drugs. Therefore, scientists will have to be able to precisely control the differentiation of stem cells into the specific cell type on which drugs will be tested. Current knowledge of the signals controlling differentiation falls short of being able to mimic these conditions precisely to generate pure populations of differentiated cells for each drug being tested. Stem cell research thus allows for scientists to eliminate the errors caused by variance by controlling the differentiation of stem cells into specialized cells on which the effects of the medications will be tested and analyzed.    The pharmaceutical industry in the United States and around the world has recognized the potential of stem cell research and responded accordingly. Pfizer, Inc., the largest pharmaceutical company in the world based on sales, outlined a detailed stem cell research policy that is summarized as follows:          Pfizer recognizes the enormous potential of stem cell research. Stem cells are important tools for modern biomedical research, including Pfizer''s search for innovative new medicines.               Pfizer has made significant investments in animal stem cells and in human adult hematopoietic (somatic) stem cells. The company will continue to invest in these stem cell technologies.               Pfizer recognizes that human embryonic stem cells may provide even greater potential due to their increased ability for self-renewal and capacity to form a wide variety of cells and tissues.               Pfizer acknowledges the sensitive issues raised by this research, and we support proper ethical safeguards that take into account both the moral issues and public sensitivities.               Pfizer will only engage in stem cell research projects that meet the highest ethical standards set by leading scientific authorities around the world, including the Guidelines developed by the National Academy of Sciences in the USA       The pharmaceutical company's policy recognizes that most people do not imagine the power of these cells in drug discovery, but states that stem cells have been used by the company for more than a decade to screen new compounds and identify safer and more effective medications.    Learning Activity  Select any stem cell research article available. Discuss scientific and ethical points of view with the class. Describe potential treatments based on stem cell technologies associated with your article.     5. What Is The Future Relationship Of Stem Cell Research And The Pharmaceutical Industry?The future of stem cell research and its implications on research and development within the pharmaceutical industry remains open for discussion and debate. Obstacles that must first be overcome to ensure the continuation and furtherance of this research into the future include answers to questions about funding for research and a resolution of the moral and ethical issues surrounding stem cell research.     Once these obstacles are overcome, the relationship between stem cell research and the pharmaceutical industry can be further developed and strengthened, allowing for new medications to be tested on specific cell types, accurate and precise results to be obtained from these experiments, and the number of animal and human trials reduced in favor of using stem cells in the laboratory.   The goal of stem cell research is to understand the biological properties of stem cells and the implications these cells have on treating diseases. As an emerging scientific field, a substantial amount of work remains to be done to reach this understanding, but significant progress has been made in the past few decades. Looking forward to the next decades, with more information and technology available and less controversy existing, the headlines of the New York Times may not read about stem cells and compromise, but rather about stem cells and cures.    Glossary   Adult stem cell-see somatic stem cell.    Blastocyst-A preimplantation embryo of about 150 cells produced by cell division following fertilization. The blastocyst is a sphere made up of an outer layer of cells (the trophoblast), a fluid-filled cavity (the blastocoel), and a cluster of cells on the interior (the inner cell mass).    Cell-based therapies-Treatment in which stem cells are induced to differentiate into the specific cell type required to repair damaged or destroyed cells or tissues.   Cell culture-Growth of cells in vitro in an artificial medium for research or medical treatment.   Cell division-Method by which a single cell divides to create two cells. There are two main types of cell division depending on what happens to the chromosomes: mitosis and meiosis.   Culture medium-The liquid that covers cells in a culture dish and contains nutrients to nourish and support the cells. Culture medium may also include growth factors added to produce desired changes in the cells.   Differentiation-The process whereby an unspecialized embryonic cell acquires the features of a specialized cell such as a heart, liver, or muscle cell. Differentiation is controlled by the interaction of a cell''s genes with the physical and chemical conditions outside the cell, usually through signaling pathways involving proteins embedded in the cell surface.   Embryo-In humans, the developing organism from the time of fertilization until the end of the eighth week of gestation, when it is called a fetus.   Embryoid bodies-Rounded collections of cells that arise when embryonic stem cells are cultured in suspension. Embryoid bodies contain cell types derived from all 3 germ layers   Embryonic stem cells-Primitive (undifferentiated) cells derived from a 5-day preimplantation embryo that are capable of dividing without differentiating for a prolonged period in culture, and are known to develop into cells and tissues of the three primary germ layers.   Embryonic stem cell line-Embryonic stem cells, which have been cultured under in vitro conditions that allow proliferation without differentiation for months to years.   Fertilization-The joining of the male gamete (sperm) and the female gamete (egg).   Gastrulation-the process in which cells proliferate and migrate within the embryo to transform the inner cell mass of the blastocyst stage into an embryo containing all three primary germ layers.    Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-A type of pluripotent stem cell derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst.   Induced pluripotent stem cells-Somatic (adult) cells reprogrammed to enter an embryonic stem celllike state by being forced to express factors important for maintaining the stemness of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Mouse iPSCs were first reported in 2006 (Takahashi and Yamarnaka), and human iPSCs were first reported in late 2007 (Takahashi et al. and Yu et al.). Mouse iPSCs demonstrate important characteristics of pluripotent stem cells, including the expression of stem cell markers, the formation of tumors containing cells from all three germ layers, and the ability to contribute to many different tissues when injected into mouse embryos at a very early stage in development. Human iPSCs also express stem cell markers and are capable of generating cells characteristic of all three germ layers. Scientists are actively comparing iPSCs and ESCs to identify important similarities and differences.   Inner cell mass (ICM)-The cluster of cells inside the blastocyst. These cells give rise to the embryo and ultimately the fetus. The ICM cells are used to generate embryonic stem cells.   In vitro-Latin for in glass; in a laboratory dish or test tube; an artificial environment.   In vitro fertilization-A technique that unites the egg and sperm in a laboratory instead of inside the female body.   Pluripotent-Having the ability to give rise to all of the various cell types of the body. Pluripotent cells cannot make extra-embryonic tissues such as the amnion, chorion, and other components of the placenta. Scientists demonstrate pluripotency by providing evidence of stable developmental potential, even after prolonged culture, to form derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers from the progeny of a single cell and to generate a teratoma after injection into an immunosuppressed mouse.   Proliferation-Expansion of the number of cells by the continuous division of single cells into two identical daughter cells.   Regenerative medicine-A field of medicine devoted to treatments in which stem cells are induced to differentiate into the specific cell type required to repair damaged or destroyed cell populations or tissues. (See also cell-based therapies).   Somatic cell-any body cell other than gametes (egg or sperm); sometimes referred to as adult cells.   Somatic (adult) stem cells-A relatively rare undifferentiated cell found in many organs and differentiated tissues with a limited capacity for both self-renewal (in the laboratory) and differentiation. Such cells vary in their differentiation capacity, but it is usually limited to cell types in the organ of origin. This is an active area of investigation.   Stem cells-Cells with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells.    Undifferentiated-A cell that has not yet developed into a specialized cell type.   Source: National Institutes of Health (NIH)   Reference   1.   http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/23/opinion/23thu2.html 2.   http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/  3.  http://www.pfizer.com/research/science_policy/stem_cell_research.jsp   About The Author Dominic P. Decker is a pre-medical student and certified pharmacy technician. He is employed by Snyders Drug Stores, Inc. in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area.      <br>
]]></description>
<dc:subject>Course</dc:subject>
<dc:date>2009-09-01T13:00:00Z</dc:date>
</item>

<item>
<title>Overactive Bladder: A Review For Pharmacy Technicians</title>
<category>Courses</category>
<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/courses/view.asp?courseid=319</link>
<description><![CDATA[Instructor: Christen Freeman<br><br>

  Introduction  Overactive bladder (OAB) is a medical condition characterized by urinary urgency -- a sudden, intense desire to urinate that may or may not be associated with urinary incontinence. It affects approximately 17% of the population and is more common in women than men. Although OAB is more common in the elderly patient, it should not be considered a natural, unavoidable consequence of aging. The genitourinary anticholinergic agents are the primary medications prescribed for the treatment of this condition. This class includes blockbuster drugs (a drug generating more than $1 billion of revenue for its owner each year) such as; oxybutynin, tolterodine, solifenacin, darifenacin, trospium, and fesoterodine. Each day, pharmacy technicians in both inpatient and outpatient settings are likely involved in dispensing numerous prescriptions for these agents and, in doing so, have the opportunity to interact with patients affected by OAB. The intent of this article is to provide pharmacy technicians with a better understanding of the symptoms and causes of OAB, how it affects the lives of patients, and which drug therapies are used to treat this condition.  What is OAB?  OAB is a condition caused by abnormal contractions of the bladder, the balloon-like sac that acts as a reservoir for urine. The detrusor muscle, located in the bladder wall, relaxes when the bladder is filling allowing it to expand. This same muscle contracts during urination pushing the urine out of body. When the bladder fills with urine, the stretching of the bladder wall sends a message to the brain. The brain, in turn, sends a signal to the detrusor muscle via the chemical messenger, acetylcholine, causing it to contract. This contraction is felt as the urge to urinate. Most individuals with a healthy bladder can defer the need to urinate to a convenient time. However patients with OAB often cannot. Patients with OAB experience strong, abnormal contractions of the bladder muscle, even when the bladder is not completely full. These contractions result in urinary urgency, which may also be associated with urinary frequency, nocturia, and urinary incontinence.  Symptoms  The symptoms of OAB are well defined and easy to identify. They include the following: Urinary urgency describes the sudden, intense urge to urinate immediately. It is different from the normal urge to urinate in that it is often unexpected, impossible to ignore and doesn't necessarily mean the bladder is full. Urinary urgency causes considerable discomfort that is not relieved until the individual is able to urinate. The discomfort associated with this symptom is often so distracting that a trip to the  The symptoms of OAB are well defined and easy to identify. They include the following:    Urinary urgency describes the sudden, intense urge to urinate immediately. It is different from the normal urge to urinate in that it is often unexpected, impossible to ignore and doesn't necessarily mean the bladder is full. Urinary urgency causes considerable discomfort that is not relieved until the individual is able to urinate. The discomfort associated with this symptom is often so distracting that a trip to the bathroom cannot be delayed until a more convenient time. When experienced at work or in social settings, urinary urgency can significantly affect the patient's ability to focus on tasks and or companions.    Urinary frequency, or the urge to urinate more than eight times daily, is another common symptom associated with OAB. Patients with urinary frequency may feel frustrated due to frequent interruptions to their daily activities. This can be especially discouraging when an individual cannot make it through dinner, social activities, or long car rides without having to go to the bathroom.    Nocturia is urinary frequency that occurs at night. It has been defined as waking more than two times at night with the need to urinate. Nocturia may result in bedwetting if the patient does not fully wake up or cannot make a trip to the bathroom. Depending on how often nocturia occurs, the affected individual (and anyone sleeping in the same bed or room) may experience daytime sleepiness, fatigue and irritability due to interrupted sleep. Furthermore, frequent trips to the bathroom during the night may present risk of falling, a special hazard to patients at an increased risk of fall-related bone fractures.    Urinary incontinence, or involuntary loss of bladder control, is perhaps the most distressingsymptom associated with OAB. When associated with this condition, it is calledurge urinary incontinence to distinguish it from other types of incontinence. Individuals withurge urinary incontinence may be plagued with hygiene concerns, fears of losing bladder controlin public, and a decreased willingness to participate in social activities.    Although the symptoms of OAB are well defined and easy to identify, it is very important for patients with any of these symptoms to seek medical care. Urinary urgency, urinary frequency, nocturia, and urinary incontinence are all common symptoms of other medical conditions, including diabetes, pregnancy, urinary tract infections and prostate disorders in men. Furthermore, these symptoms may be related to certain medications, such as diuretics. Therefore, a proper diagnosis is essential to appropriate and successful treatment.    Life Interrupted    The extent to which these symptoms disrupt the lifestyle of a patient with OAB cannot be underestimated. In fact, symptoms of OAB may be so disruptive to a patient's daily activities that he or she becomes chronically depressed. Patients with OAB often feel anxious if they are not near a restroom, may worry about incontinence or feel embarrassed for having to interrupt social or work activities to use the restroom. These fears may cause people to stay at home, avoiding social activities and interactions with friends and family.    Despite these concerns, research shows that many people with OAB do not talk to their doctors about the problem. Patients may be embarrassed to talk about the subject, may believe that it is a normal part of the aging process or may be unaware that there are treatments for the condition. The good news is that there are effective treatments for overactive bladder. Non-drug treatment approaches such as lifestyle habits and bladder-specific exercises may be sufficient for mild cases of OAB, while medications are used with or without non-drug treatments for moderate-to-severe cases.     Treatment of Overactive Bladder    Treatment of OAB will depend primarily on the severity of symptoms and the extent to which they disrupt the patient's life. If symptoms are mild, non-drug therapy including bladder retraining and Kegel exercises. These exercises can be very effective when practiced diligently and consistently. Patients may also be taught lifestyle habits such as monitoring fluid intake and keeping a symptom diary. These non-drug approaches may also be used in conjunction with medications.     Kegel exercises are named after Dr. Arnold Kegel and consist of contracting and relaxing the muscles that form part of the pelvic floor known as the Kegel muscles. The goal is to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor and these exercises are considered beneficial in treating urinary incontinence.     The genitourinary anticholinergic agents are the most common medications used in the management of OAB (see Table 1).  Other agents such as flavoxate and scopolamine have been used in the past; however these agents have fallen out of favor due to questionable efficacy and burdensome side effects.    In general, all genitourinary bladder agents are equally effective at reducing the symptoms of OAB when given in appropriate doses. Therefore, treatment decisions are usually based on patient- or drug-specific factors such as medication cost/insurance coverage, a history of treatment success or failure with other agents in the class, patient preference regarding dosage form and administration and tolerability of side effects.    The anticholinergic bladder agents work by blocking the effects of the chemical messenger acetylcholine. As a result, abnormal bladder contractions are reduced and in turn, patients experience fewer episodes of urinary urgency, urinary frequency and incontinence. These medications are contraindicated or generally should be avoided in patients with urinary retention, severe decreased gastrointestinal motility disorders, uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma and in any patient who may be at risk for these conditions.     The side effects associated with the anticholinergic bladder agents may have a negative effect on patient compliance and ultimately, a negative effect on treatment success. Therefore, part of the challenge of managing patients with OAB is not only choosing an appropriate drug, but also determining the optimal dose for that particular patient. The optimal dose will be the one that provides adequate efficacy with regard to symptom reduction without the price of intolerable side effects. In general, all anticholinergic bladder agents have the potential to cause dry mouth, blurred vision, cognitive impairment and constipation. Based on clinical studies, these side effects, particularly dry mouth, are more likely to occur with immediate-release formulations than extended-release formulations. These side effects also increase as the dose increases.  Medication Selection  Cost is also an important consideration when choosing a medication to treat OAB. Immediate-release oxybutynin is far less expensive than the other agents and may be appropriate for patients with no insurance coverage or limited financial resources. Insurance coverage of the newer agents will vary depending on the particular plan. Patients should be instructed to consult their insurance plan's drug formulary for details.   Dosing considerations and formulations may be an important consideration when choosing a drug for the treatment of OAB. Although immediate-release oxybutynin has the advantage of being inexpensive, it must be dosed two to three times daily, while the extended-release preparations are taken only once per day. Oxybutynin is available in a syrup formulation for individuals who cannot swallow pills. Oxybutynin is also available in two transdermal formulations: a transdermal patch (Oxytrol &#174;) and a transdermal gel (Gelnique&#174;.) Oxytrol &#174;, applied twice weekly, is especially convenient for individuals who cannot or prefer not to take oral medications daily.    Patient-specific considerations such as age, concurrent medication therapy, renal function and hepatic function are also taken into account when prescribing medications for OAB. When genitourinary anticholinergic medications are taken along with other medications that possess anticholinergic properties (i.e., atropine, benztropine, diphenhydramine, amitriptyline, hyoscyamine), the potential for side effects such as dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation increases. Furthermore, some of the agents in this class have significant interactions with other medications. Manufacturers in these situations recommend a dose reduction. Dose reductions are also recommended for some patients with advanced age, renal function impairment or hepatic function impairment. Table 2 lists patient-specific considerations and appropriate dose reductions. Conclusion  In summary, OAB syndrome is a distressing medical condition that primarily affects older women. Although the hallmark symptoms are physical, including urinary urgency with or without frequency and/or nocturia, and with or without incontinence, the emotional effects of the disease are often significant and may result in depression and a lower overall quality of life. There are several medications available for the management of OAB and the drug selection will depend primarily on patient preference with regard to dosage form, tolerability of side effects, and cost. A heightened awareness of OAB, coupled with an understanding of the different medications used for treatment, will enable pharmacy professionals to improve the quality of pharmaceutical care for both inpatients and outpatients suffering from this condition.     Table 1: Anticholinergic Bladder Agents1                         Generic Name                     Brand Name                      How Supplied                      Typical Dose for Healthy Adults*                                Oxybutynin                      Ditropan&#174;                      5 mg tablets,        5 mg per 5 ml oral syrup                      5 mg two to three times daily        (max daily dose: 20 mg)                                Ditropan XL&#174;                      5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg extended-release tablets                      5-10 mg once daily        (max daily dose: 30 mg)                                Oxytrol&#174;                      3.9 mg/day patch                      One patch applied twice weekly (every 3-4 days)                                Gelnique&#174;                      Topical gel, 10%                      1g (1 satchet) applied once daily to skin                                Tolterodine                      Detrol&#174;                      1 mg, 2 mg tablets                      2 mg twice daily                                Detrol LA&#174;                      2 mg, 4 mg        extended-release tablets                      4 mg once daily                                Darifenacin                      Enablex&#174;                      7.5 mg, 15 mg extended-release tablets                      7.5  15 mg once daily                                Solifenacin                      Vesicare&#174;                      5 mg, 10 mg tablets                      5  10 mg once daily                                Fesoterodine                      Toviaz&#174;                      4 mg, 8 mg        extended-release tablets                      4  8 mg once daily                                Trospium                      Sanctura&#174;                      20 mg tablets                      20 mg twice daily                                Sanctura XR&#174;                      60 mg extended-release capsules                      60 mg once daily                    *Dose adjustments may be warranted in certain patient populations, including the elderly, those with renal or hepatic impairment, and those who are on concurrent therapy with CYP3A4 inhibitors.    Table 2: Patient-Specific Dosing Considerations1                         Drug                      Patient-Specific Considerations                                Oxybutynin                      Oral formulations: Reduce the initial dose to 2.5 mg daily in frail, elderly patients. Use with caution in patients with renal or hepatic function impairment. Use caution in patients who are on concurrent therapy with CYP 3A4 inhibitors.* Transdermal formulation: Use with caution in patients with hepatic or renal function impairment.                                Tolterodine                      Dosage reduction indicated in patients with significantly reduced renal or hepatic function, and in patients who are on concurrent therapy with CYP3A4 inhibitors.*                                Darifenacin                      The daily dose of darifenacin should not exceed 7.5 mg in patients with moderate renal failure or who are on concurrent therapy with potent CYP3A4* inhibitors. Darifenacin is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment.                                Solifenacin                      For patients with severe renal impairment or moderate hepatic impairment, a dose greater than 5 mg daily is not recommended. Solifenacin is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic failure. The daily dose of Solifenacin should not exceed 5 mg in patients on concurrent therapy with CYP3A4 inhibitors.*                                Fesoterodine                      The daily dose of 4 mg should not be exceeded in patients with severe renal failure or who are concurrent therapy with CYP3A4 inhibitors.* Fesoterodine is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic failure.                                Trospium                      Extended-release tablets are not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment. In these patients, the recommended dose is 20 mg at bedtime. The dose may need to be reduced to 20 mg once daily in patients &#62; 65 years old.                   *Common potent CYP 3A4 inhibitors include: ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonavir, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and nefazodone.    References       Facts and Comparisons. Wolters Kluwer Health. 2009.        The Overactive Bladder: Evaluation and Management, Karl J. Kreder, July 10, 2007.        http://www.overactivebladder.com             <br>
]]></description>
<dc:subject>Course</dc:subject>
<dc:date>2009-07-01T13:00:00Z</dc:date>
</item>

<item>
<title>Intercultural Communication</title>
<category>Courses</category>
<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/courses/view.asp?courseid=317</link>
<description><![CDATA[Instructor: Angie Riley-Grimes,CPhT<br><br>

    Introduction   We are in a new era of multiculturalism in the United States as evidenced by our new president and the current U.S. census,    which notes that 12 percent of the current population is foreign-born. We as a country seem willing to embrace change and    difference, yet few of us really know how. As healthcare providers, we have a particular need to enhance communication with    persons of other cultures. One thing holds true regardless: you have to start somewhere. In this case, let's start at the    beginning.    What is Culture?  Anthropologist Edward Hall offered perhaps the best definition of culture: Culture [is] those deep, common, unstated experiences which members of a given culture share, which they communicate without knowing, and which form the backdrop against which all others events are judged (1966).    Break that statement apart a bit. Culture is deep, common and unstated. You may have a hard time describing what your own culture is because you are so deeply enmeshed in it. It is completely normal for you. It is like asking the dolphin to describe the ocean. He knows what it is, that he needs it, but words like wet, and salty are not ones that the dolphin would use. If you have never known sweet, can you gauge salty? If you have never known dry, can you describe wet?     The second part of the statement tells us that culture is shared and communicated unknowingly. You cannot choose not to    communicate your culture anymore than you can choose not to communicate. Even in silence you are communicating (ever    been given the cold shoulder?). And again, you certainly can't choose to change or restrain something of which you are not    even aware. Then there is the matter of sharing culture. Think about the Thanksgiving holiday: it conjures up visions of turkey    and all the trimmings, pilgrims and football. But that means nothing to someone from Norway.     Culture forms a backdrop for judging other events. Everything we know as individuals we learned at some point, and those    lessons become the springboard for future learning. From learning not to touch a hot stove to learning how to read, those    experiences shape us. Unlike some activities where we can define when a specific learning took place, we cannot pick a    precise moment in time where we learned to like a certain food or say a certain prayer or fly a particular flag. Those are things    that are woven within our individual cultures and form a system of morals, beliefs and values.    So having a good definition of culture is a start, but how does that help us in a practical way every day in the pharmacy? It helps first by noting that cultural differences, as defined above, do not have to mean foreign or domestic. They can mean male and female, black and white, rich and poor, gay and straight and combinations thereof. Each of those groups has a culture that coexists within the larger U.S. culture.      Communicating  Simply being male or female in our culture can have an impact on communication style, and this is something upon which many of us would readily agree. Linguistic anthropologist Deborah Tannen, author of Gender and Discourse. (Oxford University Press, 1994) has spent her career exploring the differences in communication styles between men and women, and has noted that there are some marked differences. But even without knowing that there is research to support the notion, we accept that men and women differ in communication from our own experiences. There is no right or wrong to the matter, just difference, and that nonjudgmental view can go a long way in discussing other cultures.     The subject of intercultural communication is vast. This article can in no way address all of its nuances. However, certain    aspects of culture can be more problematic when dealing with coworkers, patients and customers. Let's take a look at these    four concepts of cross-cultural communications: generalizations, language, proxemics (the study of spatial distances between  individuals in different cultures and situations and the effects of population density on behavior, communication, and social    interaction) and chronemics (the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication).    Generalizations  In order to discuss culture differences and similarities in a meaningful way, we often rely on generalizations. This can be a slippery slope. We can say many Mexican-Americans are Catholic. That is a generalization, and it lets our brain take some shortcuts, but it is not always accurate. To be sure, are Mexican-American Buddhist, but wishing someone of that culture Feliz Navidad during the Christmas holiday is statistically a fairly safe bet.    Another way we generalize, for good or for ill, is via the social contact theory. The theory states that the more contact you have with someone different from yourself, the more accepting you become. But what about an unpleasant interaction? We can obtain great learning experiences through persons from other cultures by asking respectful questions, but no one individual can be the tell-all spokesperson for their entire cultural group.    The key is recognizing the similarities between groups while respecting the individual person. A simple example might be pizza. There is not one American teenager I know who does not like pizza, but I can't assume this is true of everyone. When I run across one such teenager, my first thought will be how weird! Then my brain should transition to, Well, would you like a hamburger instead? and not make the assumption that the frozen pizza manufacturers are doomed to bankruptcy.     That same concept of generalizing can swing the other way into romanticizing. We can hold the notion of another culture in    very high regard without even understanding it. The patent medicines of the 1800s were a prime example. Those early direct-    to-consumer marketers knew that if you put a picture of a Native American on your tonic and called it an ancient Chippewa    cure, people would buy it. Some people still see Native American culture through Hollywood's lens and not actual reality for    they may have never encountered any person from this cultural group and believe that what they see in print and media is true.  Without an actual encounter with a person of such culture where they could verify such beliefs, the default belief may be the    perception that is portrayed.    Have you ever met someone who stated a general statement about a certain group of people only to know differently? Why    and how do you think this happens?    Many have observed that Americans perceive people with British accents to be more intelligent, however within Britain, the    regional accents between Yorkshire and Birmingham are just as disparate as persons from New York and New Orleans. That    is another example of romanticizing and culture.   Language   Language is a portion of culture, but not the culture itself. This is one area where people are most frustrated and afraid to    attempt communication. Indeed sometimes people become so fearful they attempt to make one language superior to all    others in an attempt to make a culture superior. Historically this has been the case, as much of our medical language is    rooted in Latin and Greek, the language of ancient academia. Few of the common people conquered by Rome were literate    and the Church maintained the highest literacy rate for centuries.    Although each culture may have it's traditions in the way people communicate, both verbally and non-verbally, there are many universal practices that can be used to promoted positive interactions even when either party is not fully understood.  Here are some practical ways to help with language barriers:  &#183;     Speak slowly and clearly, not loudly.  &#183;     Speaking to someone on the phone is more difficult  you cannot see his or her nonverbal communication. Close your eyes and concentrate.  &#183;     Non-native speakers are more afraid to communicate with you than you are with them. They have a need to be met, which is usually health-related and can be frightened. They have often been judged for their culture and language. Be patient and be kind.  &#183;     Know just enough of another language that you can say hello and how are you? Then use it. Most people appreciate the effort. Practice with childres  they don't care if you make mistakes. That being said, resist using children as translators.  &#183;     The internet is rife with good patient information.  &#183;     Keep a cheat sheet of common phrases in the pharmacy. Learn pronunciation by getting the rhythm of a language from watching TV shows in other languages  especially commercials. All commercials are designed to be clear and concise, so they can be a good starting point. The entire world (a generalization!) knows what Coca-Cola&#60;tm&#62; is.  &#183;     Don't know exactly what language your patient speaks? Use the internet to collect the word hello in a variety of languages. Place them on a document you can laminate. Ask your patient to point to the one they recognize. Beware, however  you cannot assume literacy in any language.      Proxemics  Proxemics is the study of the space and the relationships of objects within that space. For our purposes, we can think of it as  personal space. This varies widely between cultures. In the U.S., personal space extends just about as far as it takes to    shake a hand. In Japan, it leaves enough room for a respectful bow. In the Middle East, however, it shrinks considerably. I    need to be close enough to hear you so that you don't have to shout because that would be rude.    It is very obvious (and even comical) to watch two persons with varying ideas of personal space work together. There is a    constant tango of back and forth. One gets too close, the other backs away. The first then gets close again, and the second    backs away more. To refer back to Hall, this is a perfect example of unstated behavior that is communicated without    knowing. Tensions can rise based on this simple misunderstanding of normal behavior within a given culture. If the    participants happen to be male and female, then a whole new misunderstanding can arise. This is a classic nuance of culture    where normal is completely subjective.    Chronemics  Perhaps one of the most conflicted issues in health care and culture is chronemics, or the use of time. We are very linear in    our thinking in the U.S. and we are time obsessed. You must have an appointment time. What time will my prescription be    ready? You didn't get here before closing time. Time flies. Time is money. Why can't you get here on time? We try to own and  control time  daylight savings time being a prime example.    Time takes on a whole other persona in other cultures. Time is not something you manage; it is something that simply is. In    agrarian cultures, the seasons and the sun rule time. In some other cultures, time is completely irrelevant. Think back to when  you were a child. Time had very little meaning when you were out playing with your friends or staying up late. Your mom    calling, the streetlight coming on or David Letterman being over was more real indicators of your day than a clock.    Being angry with coworkers or patients about time may be rooted in this cultural indicator. Culture is very resistant to change,    but change can be had if both parties understand the cause as well as the effects. A frank, respectful discussion among    coworkers is the best way to address the issue. With patients, there is very little you can do other than see it for what it is     their personal relationship with time and not something done purposefully to ruin your schedule.     Conclusion   When interacting with persons of another culture or even persons you deem within your own culture, it comes down to    respecting a perspective. Often times this is impossible if you do not realize that there is another perspective. Think about that  dolphin again. He cannot know he wouldn't like the jungle because he doesn't know such a thing exists. But once you know    something else exists, it is hard not to consider it.    A final thought: many people have the notion that I treat everyone the same  I am color blind. This phrase, although it strives to promote tolerance and acceptance, is actually a dangerous one. The truth is we DO see differences, and that is actually a good thing. If I do not acknowledge that you are different from me, I cannot learn and grow from knowing you. What good is the rainbow without the individual colors?        References: 1. Devito, Joseph A., Guerrero, Laura K., Hecht, Michael L. editors. The Nonverbal Communication  Reader 2nd edition . Waveland Press; Prospect. IL. 19902.    2.Hall, Edward. The Silent Language. Anchor Books; New York, NY. 1990 3.    3. Lane, Megan. Best of British. BBC News Magazine. 21 March 2007. Accessed February 1 2009  from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6470095.stm   4. Tannen, Deborah. Gender and Discourse. Oxford University Press; New York, NY. 1994   5. United States Census - http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/natprojtab01a.pdf   6. Yorkshire Accent rated most intelligent. Sheffield Telegraph, 4 April 2008. Accessed February 1, 2009 from http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/Yorkshire-accent-rated-most-intelligent.3948817.jp    <br>
]]></description>
<dc:subject>Course</dc:subject>
<dc:date>2009-04-30T13:00:00Z</dc:date>
</item>

<item>
<title>An Overview of Swine Influenza A (H1N1)</title>
<category>Courses</category>
<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/courses/view.asp?courseid=316</link>
<description><![CDATA[Instructor: Wendy Meigs RPh/ Mike Johnston CPhT<br><br>

   Important Note:  The development of this continuing pharmacy education program was expedited with approval of the Accreditation Council on Pharmacy Education (ACPE) in response to a nationally declared public health emergency by the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). This program was developed with the latest information available as of April 26, 2009, but since this topic is undergoing constant updates and revisions by the CDC and HHS, some information provided could possibly be outdated or revised. We strongly recommend that you obtain the latest information available directly from the CDC or HHS in addition to, and as a verification of, the information presented. The majority of this program utilizes content developed and originally published by the CDC, with permission.    INTRODUCTION  Swine Influenza A (H1NI), known as swine flu, is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that causes regular outbreaks in pigs. Over the years, different strains of swine flu viruses have emerged. At this time, there are four main influenza type A virus subtypes that have been isolated in pigs: H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and H3N1. However, most of the recently isolated influenza viruses from pigs have been H1N1 viruses.    U.S. cases of human infection with swine influenza A (H1N1) viruses were first reported in Southern California and near San Antonio, Texas, in late March 2009. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has determined that swine influenza A (H1N1) is contagious, but is unsure how easily the virus spreads between people.    Like seasonal flu, swine flu in humans can vary in severity from mild to severe. According to the CDC, 12 human cases of swine flu were detected in the U.S. with no deaths occurring between 2005 and January 2009. Swine flu infection, however, can be serious and even fatal. In September 1988, a previously healthy 32-year-old pregnant woman in Wisconsin was hospitalized for pneumonia after being infected with swine flu and died 8 days later. A swine flu outbreak in Fort Dix, New Jersey occurred in 1976 that caused more than 200 cases with serious illness in several people and one death.    Certain groups might be more likely to develop a severe illness from swine flu infection, such as persons with chronic medical conditions. Additionally, bacterial infections may occur at the same time as or after infection with influenza viruses and lead to pneumonias, ear infections, or sinus infections.    SWINE INFLUENZA A (H1N1)  Human cases of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection have been identified in several states, as well as in other countries. This is a novel influenza A virus that has not been previously identified in humans, and human-to-human transmission of the virus appears to be ongoing.    Unlike the experience in Mexico, the United States is currently observing a less severe clinical spectrum of disease with infection by the identical virus strain. As of April 26, 2009, of the confirmed cases of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, only two confirmed case-patients were hospitalized and there had been no reported fatalities in the United States. Mexican health officials have reported several hundred suspect cases, including several deaths associated with confirmed swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. In Mexico, many patients have experienced rapidly progressive pneumonia, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Therefore, the impact of this virus on the two countries has been strikingly different to date.    Novel influenza A virus infections in humans, including swine influenza A (H1N1) virus, represent a pandemic threat. Recognizing the historical precedent for the emergence of a pandemic influenza virus, which could have waves of disease with different morbidity and mortality and epidemiologic profiles, public health departments in the United States must remain vigilant.    Swine influenza A (H1N1) virus is thought to spread in the same way as seasonal influenza. The virus is spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing of infected individuals, however some people may become infected by touching a contaminated object and then touching their mouth or nose.    Infected individuals may be able to infect others as early as 24 hours prior to the onset of symptoms and up to 7 or more days after becoming infected.    SIGNS &#0038; SYMPTOMS  The symptoms of swine flu in people are similar to the symptoms of regular human influenza and include:    &#183; Fever Cough  &#183; sore throat  &#183; body aches  &#183; headache  &#183; chills   &#183; fatigue  &#183; diarrhea  &#183; vomiting    DIAGNOSIS  Official diagnosis of swine influenza A infection requires a respiratory specimen, collected while the infected person is still shedding virus, typically within the first 4 to 5 days of illness. Some individuals, especially children, may shed virus for 10 days or longer. Identification as a swine flu influenza A virus requires sending the specimen to CDC for laboratory testing. The infectious period for a confirmed case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection is defined as 1 day prior to the case's illness onset to 7 days after onset.    SWINE INFLUENZA A (H1N1) VIRUS DEFINITIONS  A confirmed case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection is defined as an individual with an acute febrile respiratory illness with laboratory confirmed swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection at CDC by one or more of the following tests:    &#183; real-time RT-PCR  &#183; viral culture    A probable case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection is defined as a person with an acute febrile respiratory illness who is:    &#183; positive for influenza A, but negative for H1 and H3 by influenza RT-PCR, or  &#183; positive for influenza A by an influenza rapid test or an influenza immunofluorescence assay (IFA) plus meets criteria for a suspected case    A suspected case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection is defined as an individual with acute febrile respiratory illness with onset:  &#183; within 7 days of close contact with a person who is a confirmed case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, or  &#183; within 7 days of travel to community either within the United States or internationally where there are one or more confirmed swine influenza A(H1N1) cases, or  &#183; resides in a community where there are one or more confirmed swine influenza cases.    Close contact is defined as within about 6 feet of an ill person who is a confirmed or suspected case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection during the case's infectious period.    VACCINATIONS  There is no vaccine currently indicated for swine influenza in humans. The seasonal influenza vaccine will likely help provide partial protection against swine H3N2, but not swine H1N1 viruses.The H1N1 swine flu viruses are antigenically different from human H1N1 viruses and, therefore, vaccines for human seasonal flu would not provide protection from H1N1 swine flu viruses.    PHARMACEUTICAL TREATMENT  There are four different antiviral drugs that are licensed for use in the US for the treatment of influenza: amantadine (Symmetrel), rimantadine (Flumadine), oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza). While most swine influenza viruses have been susceptible to all four drugs, the most recent swine influenza viruses isolated from humans are resistant to amantadine and rimantadine.    At this time, CDC recommends the use of oseltamivir or zanamivir for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with swine influenza viruses.    Suspected Cases  Empiric antiviral treatment is recommended for any ill person suspected to have swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. Antiviral treatment with either zanamivir alone or with a combination of oseltamivir and eitheramantadine or rimantadine should be initiated as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms. Recommended duration of treatment is five days. Recommendations for use of antivirals may change as data on antiviral susceptibilities become available.    Antiviral doses and schedules recommended for treatment of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection are the same as those recommended for seasonal influenza. (Table 1)    http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/antivirals/dosagetable.htm#table    Confirmed Cases  For antiviral treatment of a confirmed case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, either oseltamivir or zanamivir may be administered. Recommended duration of treatment is five days. These same antivirals should be considered for treatment of cases that test positive for influenza A but test negative for seasonal influenza viruses H3 and H1 by PCR.    Special Considerations for Pregnant Women  Oseltamivir, zanamivir, amantadine, and rimantadine are all Pregnancy Category C medications, indicating that no clinical studies have been conducted to assess the safety of these medications for pregnant women. Only two cases of amantadine use for severe influenza illness during the third trimester have been reported. However, both amantadine and rimantadine have been demonstrated in animal studies to be teratogenic and embryotoxic when administered at substantially high doses. Because of the unknown effects of influenza antiviral drugs on pregnant women and their fetuses, these four drugs should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the embryo or fetus; the manufacturers'' package inserts should be consulted. However, no adverse effects have been reported among women who received oseltamivir or zanamivir during pregnancy or among infants born to such women.    Special Considerations for Children  Aspirin or aspirin-containing products (e.g. bismuth subsalicylate  Pepto Bismol) should not be administered to any confirmed or suspected ill case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection aged 18 years old and younger due to the risk of Reye syndrome. For relief of fever, other anti-pyretic medications such as acetaminophen or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be recommended.    ANTIVIRA CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS  For antiviral chemoprophylaxis (pre-exposure or post-exposure) of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, either oseltamivir or zanamivir are recommended. Duration of antiviral chemoprophylaxis is 7 days after the last known exposure to an ill confirmed case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection.    PATIENT CONSULTATIONS  Pharmacy technicians should refer any patient considered a suspected case or describing any of the previously mentioned signs and symptoms to the pharmacist for consultation.According to CDC recommendations, pharmacists should consult confirmed cases to stay home and avoid contact with other people as much as possible to keep from spreading your illness to others.    Suspect cases should be advised to contact their physician to report illness, by telephone or other remote means, before seeking care at a clinic, physician's office, or hospital, with the following exceptions for when immediate medical attention required.    Immediate Medical Attention Required  Persons who have difficulty breathing or shortness of breath or are believed to be severely ill should seek immediate medical attention    Individuals who become ill and experience any of the following warning signs, seek emergency medical care.    In children emergency warning signs that need urgent medical attention include:    &#183; Fast breathing or trouble breathing  &#183; Bluish skin color  &#183; Not drinking enough fluids  &#183; Not waking up or not interacting  &#183; Being so irritable that the child does not want to be held  &#183; Flu-like symptoms improve but then return with fever and worse cough  &#183; Fever with a rash    In adults, emergency warning signs that need urgent medical attention include:    &#183; Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath  &#183; Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen  &#183; Sudden dizziness  &#183; Confusion  &#183; Severe or persistent vomiting    For More Information    Pharmacy professionals or patients needing additional information should contact The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Hotline (1-800-CDC-INFO), which is available in English and Spanish, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.      References &#0038; Resources    http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/    http://www.hhs.gov/    http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/en/    http://www.ashp.org/Import/PRACTICEANDPOLICY/PublicHealthResourceCenters/Influenza/SwineFlu.aspx  <br>
]]></description>
<dc:subject>Course</dc:subject>
<dc:date>2009-04-28T13:00:00Z</dc:date>
</item>

<item>
<title>Drug Research, Development, and Output in 2008- A Year in Review</title>
<category>Courses</category>
<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/courses/view.asp?courseid=315</link>
<description><![CDATA[Instructor: Dominic P. Decker, CPhT<br><br>

 Introduction    The year 2008 saw the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) approval of several new    molecular entities, new esters, salts, or non-covalent derivatives, and changes in dosage    forms of previously existing drugs. The indications for these drugs range from vascular and    gastroenterological diseases, to neurological disorders, to pulmonary and respiratory    diseases. Though the medications presented here may not yet be commercially available,    it is necessary for the pharmacist and pharmacy technician to understand how each of    these drugs works in the treatment of the diseases and disorders for which they were    developed in order to be prepared for their upcoming arrival on pharmacy shelves.       The research and development of new drugs by the pharmaceutical industry is    necessary in a dynamic and changing healthcare system. Though many are familiar with    the process by which medications are submitted to the FDA for review and approval,    including clinical trials and drug applications, fewer pharmacists and pharmacy    technicians are aware of the economic influences on drug development. In light of the    current economic crisis within the United States, an overview of the relationship between    the economy and drug research and development proves to be beneficial in understanding    the output of new drugs in the year 2008.         In response to public perception that new-drug development has slowed while    pharmaceutical companies have remained highly profitable for the past few years, the    Congressional Budget Office (CBO) of the United States Congress released Research and    Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry, an October 2006 study that reviews basic    facts about the drug industry's recent spending on research and development (R&#0038;D) and    its output of new drugs. Though the CBO study makes no recommendations for future    drug development, it does provide valuable insight into past and present trends in the    pharmaceutical industry.     In addition to considering the spending by the pharmaceutical industry and the drug    output that directly results from it, the CBO study addresses four specific questions    regarding drug research and development (R&#0038;D):          What explains the cost of developing new drugs?   Does federal investment in R&#0038;D stimulate or displace private investment?   Has the drug industry's innovative performance declined?   How profitable are drug firms, and how do profits affect the amount and type of R&#0038;D that companies conduct?    Drugs and Costs    The study reports that the development of an innovative drug, or new molecular entity (NME), such as Cleviprex  (clevidipine butyrate) injectable emulsion, indicated for the reduction of blood pressure when oral therapy is not desirable and approved in August 2008, costs an average of $800 million because these drugs are based on molecules not used before in a pharmaceutical product. Incrementally modified drugs, or those based on molecules that have been used before and are thus incremental improvements on existing drugs, have lower average costs of development. Moxatag &#174; (amoxicillin) extended-release tablets indicated for the treatment of tonsillitis and/or pharyngitis, is an example of an incrementally modified drug that was approved in January 2008. Though its active ingredient, amoxicillin, has been used before in a pharmaceutical product, the medication has been modified as an extended-release tablet. The study found that while incrementally modified drugs account for two-thirds of the drugs approved by the FDA, only one-third of the pharmaceutical industry's research and development spending is allocated for them. (Figure 1, Figure 2)     Based on projected earnings for future drug sales, a pharmaceutical company adjusts the    amount of money it is willing to spend to further develop a drug. In the public sector, the    government spends most of its money on basic scientific research to balance the    research of private pharmaceutical companies, which focuses on the development of new,    highly profitable drugs. The study reports that a company's incentive to invest in R&#0038;D is    limited to its own expected returns. As such, the pharmaceutical industry has come to    view publicly funded basic R&#0038;D as a critically important source of immediately useful    knowledge and techniques' because of the scientific basis of drug development. An    economy in crisis and, in turn, the allocation of government funds outside of the    healthcare system thus prevent the research needed for new drug development from    happening. (Figure 3)      New Drugs  As of September 30, the FDA had approved 54 new drug applications and four biologic    license applications in the year 2008. The medications presented here are a sampling of    these approvals, with a range of indications and uses from both new drug classifications:    innovative drugs (NMEs) and incrementally modified drugs. (Table 1, Table 2)    Cleviprex   Cleviprex  (clevidipine butyrate) injectable emulsion, as mentioned earlier, is an antihypertensive for intravenous use. It is unique in that it provides rapid and precise control of blood pressure in the critical care setting, such as the emergency department, operating room, and intensive care unit. As a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, the medication works by reducing systematic vascular resistance and arterial pressure. While initially administered to the patient at 1-2mg/hour, it is titrated to achieve the desired blood pressure reduction, usually at a rate of infusion of 4-6mg/hour. The most common side effects include headache, nausea, and vomiting.    Approved in August 2008, Cleviprex  is manufactured by The Medicines Company and available as a sterile, milky-white emulsion containing 0.5 mg/mL of clevidipine butyrate suitable for intravenous injection. Vials are available in 50- and 100-mL configurations and should be refrigerated prior to use.    Cimzia &#174;  Cimzia &#174; (certolizumab pegol), a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blocker for subcutaneous injection, is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe Crohn's disease in adults who have not responded to conventional therapy. TNF promotes an inflammatory response of cells, causing rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis in addition to Crohn's disease. As a TNF blocker, the medication thus reduces this inflammatory response by neutralizing the factor upon administration. The medication is administered initially and at weeks 2 and 4 in a 400mg injection under the skin in the abdomen or thigh. The most common side effects include upper respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and joint pain, in addition to injection site reactions. Injection site reactions occur on the skin and include redness, tenderness, itching, and swelling, among other symptoms.     Cimzia &#174;, approved in April 2008, is manufactured by UCB, Inc. and available as a 200mg lyophilized powder for reconstitution with 1mL of sterile water. The carton containing the medication should be refrigerated, and contents of the carton should not be separated prior to use.   Sancuso &#174;  Sancuso &#174; (granisetron) transdermal system has been approved as the first and only patch indicated for the prevention of nausea and vomiting in patients receiving moderately or highly emetogenic (vomit-inducing) chemotherapy for up to five days. During emetogenic chemotherapy, cells release serotonin, which stimulates serotonin subtype 3 (5-HT3) receptors and results in vomiting. The medication works as a 5-HT3 antagonist, binding to these receptors and thus blocking serotonin stimulation and subsequent vomiting. A single transdermal patch is applied to clean, dry skin on the upper arm a minimum of 24 hours, or a maximum of 48 hours, prior to chemotherapy. The patch can be worn for up to a week, depending on the duration of the chemotherapy regimen, but should be removed not more than 24 hours after the completion of chemotherapy. The most common side affect is constipation. Skin reactions at the application site can also occur, but are generally mild in intensity and do not lead to discontinuation of use.     Approved in September 2008, Sancuso &#174; is a thin, translucent matrix-type transdermal patch that is rectangular-shaped with rounded corners, consisting of a backing, the drug matrix, and a release liner. It is manufactured by ProStrakan, Inc. and available as a 52cm2 patch containing 34.3mg of granisetron delivering 3.1mg per 24 hours for up to one week.   Moxatag    Moxatag  (amoxicillin) extended-release tablets, also mentioned earlier, is a penicillin-class antibacterial indicated for the treatment of tonsillitis and/or pharyngitis secondary to Streptococcus pyogenes (bacteria that cause strep throat, among other infections) in adults and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older. As an antibiotic, the medication works by preventing the formation of bacterial cell walls of gram-positive bacteria. The 775mg extended-release tablets are administered once daily for 10 days with or within one hour of a meal. Tablets should not be chewed or crushed, and should be taken whole. Moxatag  adversely interacts with Benemid &#174; or Probalan &#174; (both known generically in the United States as probenecid) because probenecid reduces renal tubular secretion of amoxicillin. As such, concurrent use of the two medications may result in increased and prolonged blood levels of amoxicillin. Care should also be taken by patients on oral contraceptives, as amoxicillin, like other antibiotics, reduces the effectiveness of birth control medications. The most common side effects are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and headache.       Though amoxicillin was initially approved for use in the United States in 1974, Moxatag  received FDA-approval in January 2008. The tablets are blue film-coated and oval-shaped with MB-111 printed on one side in black, edible ink. The medication, manufactured by MiddleBrook Pharmaceuticals, Inc., is packaged in bottles of 30 tablets or 10-tablet blister cards.   Stavzor   Stavzor  (valproic acid) delayed-release capsules are indicated for the acute treatment of manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder, as well as for the treatment of epilepsy and migraine headaches. In the gastrointestinal tract, valproic acid dissociates to the valproate ion. Though the mechanism by which valproate exerts its therapeutic effects is not known, it has been suggested that it results in increased brain concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and thus treats epilepsy.          The administration of the medication varies according to what disorder is being treated. For bipolar disorder, it is initially administered at 750mg daily, in divided doses, and increased rapidly to achieve the lowest therapeutic dose desirable. For epilepsy, the medication is initially administered at 10-15mg/kg/day, increasing in one week intervals by 5-10mg/kg/day. For migraine headaches, it is administered at 250mg twice daily.      Stavzor  adversely interacts with hepatic enzyme-inducing drugs (such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, and phenobarbital), because they can increase valproate clearance (elimination of the drug by the liver and kidneys), and with enzyme inhibitors (such as Felbatol &#174; [felbamate]), which can decrease valproate clearance. The most common side effects include nausea, drowsiness, dizziness, vomiting, and rash.     Stavzor , approved in July 2008, is manufactured by Banner PharmaCaps, Inc for Noven Therapeutics. The capsules are available in strengths of 125mg, 250mg, and 500mg and are orange-colored and oval-shaped. The medication is packaged in bottles of 100 capsules and should be stored at room temperature.    Patanase &#174;  Patanase &#174; (olopatadine hydrochloride) nasal spray, an antihistamine, is indicated for the relief of symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis in patients 12 years of age and older. The medication works as an H1 receptor antagonist, blocking the receptor and thus resulting in decreased vascular permeability, reduction of pruritus (itch), and relaxation of smooth muscle in the respiratory tract. The medication, for intranasal use only, is administered as two sprays in each nostril twice daily. The bottle must be primed when first used, or when it has not been used for more than a week, by releasing 2-5 sprays or until a fine mist appears. The most common side effects are epistaxis (nosebleed), nasal ulceration, and drowsiness.        Approved in April 2008, Patanase &#174; is a nasal spray solution supplied in a white plastic bottle with a metered-dose manual spray pump, a white nasal applicator, and a blue overcap. Each 30.5g bottle contains 240 sprays, while each spray delivers 665mcg of the medication. It is manufactured by Alcon, Inc.     Alvesco &#174;   Alvesco &#174; (ciclesonide) inhalation aerosol, an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), is indicated for maintenance treatment of asthma as prophylactic therapy in adult and adolescent patients 12 years of age and older. As a corticosteroid, the medication works as an inhibitor of activity of multiple cell types and mediators involved in the asthmatic response. Though the precise mechanisms of action of corticosteroids against asthma are unknown, it has been suggested that the anti-inflammatory actions of corticosteroids may contribute to their efficacy in asthma. However, corticosteroids do not affect asthma symptoms immediately, and maximum benefit may not be achieved for four weeks or longer after starting treatment.     Depending on age and previous use of corticosteroids, the medication is initially administered at 80mcg twice daily for patients previously on ICSs or at 320mcg twice daily for patients previously on oral corticosteroids. After asthma stability has been achieved, it is desirable to titrate to the lowest effective dosage to reduce the possibility of side effects. Like Patanase &#174;, the bottle must also be primed when first used, or when it has not been used for more than 10 days, by releasing 3 sprays. The most common side effects include headache, nasopharyngitis (common cold), upper respiratory infection, and nasal congestion.    Alvesco &#174; was approved in January 2008 and is manufactured by Nycomed. It is available in an 80mcg inhaler and 160mcg inhaler, each delivering 80mcg and 160mcg of ciclesonide from the actuator, respectively. The 80mcg inhaler is packaged with a brown plastic actuator with a red dust cap, while the 160mcg inhaler is packaged with a red plastic actuator with a red dust cap.     Conclusion  The seven drugs presented within this article are representative of the new drugs receiving    FDA-approval in the year 2008 in the areas of vascular and gastroenterological diseases,     neurological disorders, and pulmonary and respiratory diseases. The Center for Drug    Evaluation and Research (CDER) of the FDA maintains updated online resources    regarding newly approved drugs. As with all medication regimens, the strength, dosage,    and administration should be under the direct supervision of a physician with the support    of the pharmacist and pharmacy technician. Together with the physician, pharmacist, and    patient, the pharmacy technician plays an essential role in the successful administration    of medications. With an increased understanding of newly approved drugs in the year    2008, together with an awareness of the relationship between the economy and drug    research and development, the pharmacy technician will be better able to support the    patient to ensure that therapy is consistent and effective.                Author Biography     Dominic P. Decker is a pre-medical student at The Catholic University of America in Washington, DC. He is employed as a certified pharmacy technician with Snyders Drug Stores, Inc. in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area and has authored articles on medications available for the treatment HIV/AIDS, drug diversion in the retail pharmacy, and the challenges and benefits associated with working as a pharmacy technician under the age of 25.    Data Sources  Statistics on research and development in the pharmaceutical industry are from a published study of the Congressional Budget Office of the United States Congress. Information on the medications receiving Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approval in the year 2008 is from the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) with additional information on antihistamines and H1 receptor antagonists from the Oregon State University College of Pharmacy.     References 1.   United States Congress ional Budget Office. Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2006. 2.   CDER Drug and Biologic Approvals for Calendar Year 2008. 3 Nov. 2008. Food and Drug Administration. 24 Nov. 2008 &#60;http://www.fda.gov/cder/rdmt/InternetNDA08.htm&#62;.    3.   Listing of Newly Approved Drug Therapies (2008). 21 Nov. 2008. CenterWatch Clinical Trials Listing Service. 24 Nov. 2008 &#60;http://www.centerwatch.com/patient/drugs/druglist.html&#62;.    4.   Cleviprex Prescribing Information. Aug. 2008. The Medicines Company. 24 Nov. 2008 &#60;http://www.cleviprex.com/files/pdf1/ClevidipinePI1.pdf&#62;.    5.   Cimzia Prescribing Information. Apr. 2008. UCB, Inc. 24 Nov. 2008 &#60;http://www.cimzia.com/pdf/CIMZIA%20PI%20032008.pdf&#62;.    6.   FDA Approves Cimzia to Treat Crohn's Disease. Apr. 2008. Food and Drug Administration. 24 Nov. 2008 &#60;http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2008/new01821.html&#62;. 7.   Sancuso Prescribing Information. Sept. 2008. ProStrakan, Inc. 24 Nov. 2008 &#60;http://www.sancuso.com/Sancuso_PI.pdf&#62;. 8.   Moxatag Prescribing Information. Jan. 2008. Food and Drug Administration. 24 Nov. 2008 &#60;http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2008/050813lbl.pdf&#62;. 9.   Stavzor Prescribing Information. July 2008. Banner PharmaCaps, Inc. 24 Nov. 2008 &#60;http://www.stavzor.com/pdfs/Stavzor-full-prescribing-information.pdf&#62;. 10. Patanase Prescribing Information. Apr. 2008. Alcon, Inc. 24 Nov. 2008 &#60;http://ecatalog.alcon.com/pi/patanase_us_en.pdf&#62;.    11. Antihistamines, H1 Receptor Antagonist Class Review. 2002. Oregon State University College of Pharmacy. 24 Nov. 2008 &#60;http://pharmacy.oregonstate.edu/drug_policy/pages/dur_board/reviews...&#62;.    12. Alvesco Prescribing Information. Jan. 2008. Nycomed. 24 Nov. 2008 &#60;http://www.alvesco.us/AlvescoPI.pdf&#62;.  .         <br>
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<title>Sterile Product Certification Course</title>
<category>Courses</category>
<link>http://www.pharmacytechnician.org/en/courses/view.asp?courseid=313</link>
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<dc:date>2008-11-02T14:00:00Z</dc:date>
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